Abstract

Background:The ligamenta flava can undergo ossification and calcification resulting in myelopathy. Only seven cases of ligamentum flavum ossification in association with hypoparathyroidism have been reported, most of which had concurrent osseous changes in other spinal ligaments. Here, we report a patient with hypoparathyroidism who presented with ligamentum flavum ossification causing both cervical and thoracic myelopathy.

Case Description:A 43-year-old male presented with backache, urinary retention, and lower limb weakness for the last few days. Magnetic resonance imaging scan showed ossification of the ligamentum flavum in the cervical and thoracic regions, with severe spinal stenosis. Following spinal decompressive surgery, the patient made a complete recovery. Primary hypoparathyroidism was found to be the underlying cause for ligamentum flavum ossification.

Conclusion:Ossification of ligamentum flavum secondary to hypoparathyroidism should be considered as a possible cause of myelopathy in all patients presenting with symptoms of spinal cord compression.

Keywords: Hypoparathyroidism, ligamentum flavum, myelopathy, ossification, parathyroid hormone

INTRODUCTION

Degenerative calcification/ossification of the ligamentum flavum (OLF) often affects the geriatric Asian population. Although it is most prominent in the Japanese, it is only rarely found in the Pakistani population.[ 2 6 ]

OLF, resulting in thoracic myelopathy, is most frequently attributed to hypoparathyroidism, as well as to other factors and conditions (e.g. vitamin D, parathyroid hormone (PTH), local tissue growth factors, insulin, hyperthyroidism, hemochromatosis) [ Table 1 ].[ 2 12 ] Here, we present a patient with hypoparathyroidism with isolated OLF resulting in both thoracic and cervical myelopathy.

Table 1

Causes for ligamentum flavum ossification reported in literature[ 1]

CASE PRESENTATION

A 43-year-old Punjabi male presented with backache, lower extremity weakness, and urinary retention of several days duration. He had fallen from a height of three feet while working in the fields the previous week. The neurological examination was consistent with a severe spastic paraplegia; marked lower extremity weakness/paraparesis (1/5), bilateral diffuse hyperreflexia, and bilateral Babinski responses.

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan of the spine showed multilevel OLF with marked spinal cord compression at the C4-C5 and T10-T11 levels [Figures 1 – 3 ]. Intramedullary hyperintense signals were also identified on T2-weighted sequences at the T3 and T10-T11 levels [Figures 4 and 5 ].

Figure 1

T2-weighted sagittal section showing multilevel ossification of ligamentum flavum (arrows) causing cord compression at multiple levels in cervical and thorax spine

Figure 2

T2-weighted axial section at T10-T11 level showing ossification of ligamentum flavum with severe spinal canal stenosis and cord compression (arrow)

Figure 3

T2-weighted sagittal section at T10-T11 level showing ossification of ligamentum flavum with severe spinal canal stenosis and cord compression (arrow)

Figure 4

T2-weighted axial section at T10-T11 level showing intramedullary hyperintense signal changes (arrow) suggesting cord edema

Figure 5

T2-weighted sagittal section showing intramedullary hyperintense signal changes at T10-T11 and T3 levels (arrows) suggesting cord edema

The patient underwent laminectomies at the C4-C5, T3-T4, and T10-T11 levels. Intraoperatively, the patient sustained an acute myocardial infarction. Calcium and phosphorus studies were consistent with the diagnosis of primary hypoparathyroidism; low ionized calcium level (1.99 mg/dL), low calcium level (4.2 mg/dL), low corrected calcium (5.0 mg/dL), low magnesium (0.9 mg/dL), high phosphorus (7.7 mg/dL), and a low parathyroid hormone level (<3.0 pg/ml). The patient was treated with intravenous calcium gluconate and magnesium, and oral calcium, magnesium, and vitamin D.

The postoperative MRI scans documented adequate OLF removal at the C4-C5 and T10-T11 levels [ Figure 6 ]. The patient was discharged on the 10^th postoperative day with a corrected calcium level of 7.8 mg/dl, having attained complete resolution of his preoperative motor deficit and urinary incontinence.

Figure 6

T2 weighted sagittal section at T10-T11 level showing removal of previously present large ossified ligamentum flavum segment (arrow). Significant postsurgical changes are seen

DISCUSSION

Patients with OLF can present with myelopathy due to cervical and/or thoracic cord compression [ Table 2 ].[ 2 ] OLF is most commonly found between the T9 and T12 levels.[ 6 ] Some may present with classical myelopathy or atypical symptoms (e.g., chest/abdominal pain, numbness, lower extremity claudication, or no deficit whatsoever).[ 3 5 ]

Table 2

Hypoparathyroidism patients with ossification of ligamentum flavum in literature

The pathophysiology of OLF, most typically attributed to hypoparathyroidism, is incompletely understood.[ 1 4 8 ] Disorders of calcium regulating hormonal factors (e.g., hypoparathyroidism) can result in abnormal calcium and phosphorus levels that lead to ligamentum flavum calcification and ossification.[ 9 11 ] Two studies suggested OLF was attributable to low calciuric responses whereas another study found no association between 1-25 dihydroxycholecalciferol and OLF.[ 7 9 11 ]

About 50% of patients with thoracic myelopathy due to OLF will improve.[ 2 ] Poor prognostic factors include high intramedullary cord signals seen on MR examinations (e.g., myelomalacia rather than just edema) and dural adhesions/ossifications documented on preoperative CT studies.[ 2 10 ]

CONCLUSION

Ossification of ligamentum flavum is a possible cause of myelopathy in patients with symptoms of spinal cord compression. If OLF is present, laboratory investigations should include a workup for hypoparathyroidism. Most critically, when myelopathy is significant, prompt surgical decompression is warranted.

Declaration of patient consent

The authors certify that they have obtained all appropriate patient consent forms. In the form the patient has given her consent for her images and other clinical information to be reported in the journal. The patient understands that name and initial will not be published and due efforts will be made to conceal identity, but anonymity cannot be guaranteed.

Financial support and sponsorship

Nil.

Conflicts of interest

There are no conflicts of interest.

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