Abstract

Background:The ventral intermediate nucleus (VIM) is the most commonly used target for deep brain stimulation (DBS) in patients with essential tremor (ET). Recent evidence suggests that the posterior subthalamic area (PSA) might be a better target for tremor reduction. We compared the outcome of VIM DBS with PSA DBS in our cohort of patients.

Methods:Overall, 19 ET patients with bilateral DBS were included in this retrospective study, with a total of 38 electrodes (12 located in the VIM, 12 in the PSA, and 14 in an intermediate area). The outcome was measured using the essential tremor rating scale (ETRS), the glass scale and the quality of life in essential tremor questionnaire (QUEST).

Results:Unilateral tremor-scores with items 5–6 (tremor of the upper extremity), 8–9 (tremor of the lower extremity), and 11-14 (hand function) from the ETRS showed a 63% tremor reduction in the VIM group, 47% tremor reduction in the PSA group, and 67% tremor reduction in the intermediate group after a mean follow-up of 1.6 years. After a mean follow-up of 5.8 years, there was a tremor reduction of 50%, 34%, and 45%, respectively. In our series, side effects such as dysarthria (75%), ataxia and disequilibrium (40%), and paraesthesia (15%) were assessed.

Conclusions:All aforementioned anatomical target areas are effective in reducing tremor, although no superior reduction was found with PSA stimulation. Because of intraindividual differences between left and right hemisphere regarding the stimulated anatomical target, no conclusions can be drawn regarding differences in side effects.

Keywords: Deep brain stimulation, essential tremor, posterior subthalamic area, ventral intermediate nucleus

INTRODUCTION

Formerly considered a benign aspect of aging, essential tremor (ET) is now acknowledged as the most common movement disorder.[ 9 11 ] Prevalence estimates from population studies worldwide range from 0.4% to 6.3%.[ 24 ] Tremor is often progressive and disabling.[ 23 ] Impact on activities in daily living as well as on work is large. The psychological impact may be even more than the physical impact, as assessed with general health assessments. Patients may develop social embarrassment and even depression.[ 11 ] In 25%–55% of patients, medical therapies do not offer a satisfactory response anymore[ 22 ]; consequently, surgical treatment by deep brain stimulation (DBS) may be considered. The traditional DBS target in ET is the ventral intermediate nucleus (VIM) of the thalamus.[ 4 26 ] Recent evidence suggests that the posterior subthalamic area (PSA) may be a better target for tremor reduction.[ 6 8 13 30 32 ] Since 3 years, we have been treating ET patients with PSA DBS instead of VIM DBS. The goal of this retrospective study was to compare the clinical outcome of VIM DBS wiith PSA DBS in our series.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Study design

We conducted a retrospective study evaluating all ET patients operated with DBS in our center between 2003 and 2016. The Medical Ethical Research Committee at the Maastricht University Medical Center approved the study and informed consent was obtained according to the Declaration of Helsinki.

Surgical procedure

The surgical procedure at our center has previously been described in detail by Kocabicak.[ 21 ] Preoperative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scanning consists of T1 weighted MRI (1 mm slice thickness, 0 mm slice gap) after administration of gadopentetate–dimeglumine (0.4 mmol/kg) and T2 weighted MRI (2 mm slice thickness, 0 mm slice gap) (Philips Intera, the Netherlands) for planning of the stereotactic trajectories. On the day of surgery, the Leksell frame is placed under local anesthesia, and after computed tomography (CT) scanning, the images are coregistered to the MRI-based planning. The intracranial part of the procedure is performed under local anaesthesia to allow microelectrode recording and intraoperative evaluation using macrostimulation. Then, the final lead is implanted (model 3387 or 3389, Medtronic, Minneapolis, MN, USA; or the Infinity system by Abbott, IL, USA) and the final position is evaluated using intraoperative fluoroscopy. After frame removal, the implantable pulse generator is implanted under general anesthesia during the same session. Postoperative image acquisition was performed by CT or MRI scanning 1–2 days after surgery to confirm lead position and exclude complications.

Evaluation of electrode position

Postoperatively, we determined the coordinates of the middle of the active contact relative to the midcommissural point (MCP). We assessed these coordinates based on coregistering a preoperative MRI and a postoperative CT using the iPlan Stereotaxy software (Brainlab AG, Germany). In two cases, we used a postoperative MRI scan because no CT scan was available. Measurements were performed by the first author and randomly double-checked by the last author. In addition, we measured the width of the third ventricle at the height of the MCP. Based on the coordinates relative to the MCP, in particular the z-axis, the DBS targets were divided into three categories. If the coordinate was ≥3 mm above the z-axis, it was classified as VIM. If the coordinate was at or below the z-axis it was classified as PSA. If the contact was between 0 and 3 mm above the z-axis, it was classified as intermediate. We introduced this third category because tissue activation from contact points in this area may occur in both the VIM and the PSA, and categorizing the anatomical target as one of these could lead to incorrect conclusions.

Tremor evaluation

We systematically contacted all included patients for tremor assessment using the ETRS[ 10 19 ] and the GLASS scale[ 14 ] during outpatient clinic visits between March and July 2016. Two researchers assessed the ETRS independently; in case of discrepancy, the mean was used in the analysis. The mean discrepancy of the two ETRS scores assessed was 2 points. At the same time, quality of life assessment took place, using the QUEST (quality of life in essential tremor questionnaire) score.[ 10 35 ] In addition, we evaluated side effects, stimulation parameters (voltage, pulse width, and frequency), and drug use. The side effects were assessed by questioning the subjects whether they experienced at the moment dysarthria, disequilibrium, or paraesthesia, and by observations of dysarthria and ataxia. In addition, we collected retrospectively the ETRS 2-year postoperatively, assessed by one researcher, in comparison with the ETRS assessed during the visits between March and July 2016. The ETRS reduction was calculated by subtracting the ETRS postoperatively from the ETRS preoperatively, the ETRS reduction is represented in percentage. In addition, we used simplified tremor scores to show the contralateral tremor of each electrode. These unilateral tremor scores are composed of items 5–6 (tremor of the upper extremity), 8–9 (tremor of the lower extremity), and 11–14 (hand function) from the ETRS. The overall tremor score ranges from 0 to 40, with lower scores indicating reduced tremor.

Statistics

Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS Statistics version 23 (IBM Corporation, Armonk, NY). Evaluation was performed for each single electrode, corresponding with the tremor on the contralateral side. A mixed models analysis was used to compensate for this repeated measurement within one subject. Mixed models analysis was also used to detect differences in stimulation parameters between the three groups and to detect a possible correlation between stimulation parameters and outcome. A value of P ≤ 0.05 was defined as the level of statistical significance.

RESULTS

We analyzed 38 DBS electrodes in 19 patients. The mean age at implantation was 67 ± 9 years. The mean disease duration was 22 ± 16 years. Overall, 12 contact locations were classified as VIM, 12 contact locations as PSA, and 14 contact locations as intermediate. Patient characteristics are presented in Table 1 .

Table 1

Patient characteristics

Clinical outcome

The overall postoperative ETRS reduction for all patients is 33 (47%) with a mean postoperative ETRS of 33 [ Table 2 ], after a mean follow-up duration of 70 months. The mean postoperative QUEST score was 24% and the average Glass scale was 2.0. Regarding side effects, dysarthria occurred in 74%, ataxia and disequilibrium in 37% and paraesthesia in 11% of patients [ Table 2 ]. The electrode position with the corresponding tremor reduction is shown in Table 3 and Figure 1 .

Table 2

Outcome shown by means of clinical parameters

Table 3

Analysis: electrode position compared to clinically assessed tremor

Figure 1

Distribution of the active contacts of the electrodes in the x-, y-, and z-planes relative to the midcommisural point. Larger dot size means more tremor reduction. Note that the x-axis contains absolute values and contains the active contacts from both sides

After a mean follow-up duration of 1 year and 7 months, there was a 63% tremor reduction in the VIM group, 67% tremor reduction in the intermediate group, and 47% tremor reduction in the PSA group, P = 0.059 [ Table 4 ].

Table 4

Outcome comparison VIM vs. Intermediate vs. PSA by means of tremor score postoperatively and % tremor score reduction in each single electrode, mean follow-up 1 year and 7 months

Regarding the tremor reduction in the subgroups, there was a 50% reduction in the VIM group, 45% tremor reduction in the intermediate group and 34%tremor reduction in the PSA group, P = 0.250 [ Table 5 ].

Table 5

Outcome comparison VIM vs. Intermediate vs. PSA by means of tremor score post-operatively and % tremor score reduction in each single electrode, mean follow-up 5 years and 10 months

Stimulation parameters

Within the total group of electrodes, the second most distal contact (by convention named contact 1) was active in 68%. In three patients, two contacts were activated unilaterally for bipolar stimulation [Tables 6 and 7 ]. Regarding the stimulation parameters, there was no significant difference between the means of the voltage or the pulse width of the different targets. The mean voltage is 2.3 V in the VIM group, 2.5 V in the intermediate, and 2.6 V in the PSA group, P = 0.653 [ Table 6 ]. The mean pulse width is, respectively, 114, 100, and 81 microseconds, P = 0.058. A pulse frequency of 180 is found in 12 of our studied patients, 160 in 1 patient and 130 in 6 patients. The pulse frequency amounts for both hemispheres are the same; therefore, it cannot be shown for each subgroup separately.

Table 6

Comparison stimulation parameters between VIM, Intermediate and PSA in each electrode

Table 7

The mean coordinates of the active contacts (in millimeters) from the midcommisural point.

DISCUSSION

In contrast to other studies, we did not find a statistical significant difference in tremor reduction between the VIM and PSA group. The results from this study suggest a better tremor reduction in the VIM group (50%) compared with the PSA group (34%). Regarding the side effects, there is high prevalence of dysarthria (74%). It is unclear whether this is due to the effect of DBS or the natural progression of the disease, as we did not obtain approval by the medical ethical committee to turn off stimulation for this study. There are no data available concerning the preoperative Glass scale, so we cannot conclude whether there is a functional improvement or not. There are still four patients with a glass scale of III or IV; the other patients have little functional limitation.

The PSA, including the zona incerta (ZI) and the prelemniscal radiation (Raprl), contains the dentato-rubro thalamic tract (DRTT), also called the cerebellothalamic tract, which is the main fiber bundle that forms the superior cerebellar peduncle. The superior cerebellar peduncle constitutes one of the largest efferent connections of the cerebellum. In the PSA, the fibers are very densely packed before they fan out to enter the ventralis oralis posterior or VIM region in the thalamus.[ 8 ] The degree of connectivity to the DRTT of the stimulating electrodes in patients operated in the PSA correlated significantly with the reduction of tremor.[ 16 ] Clinically, VIM DBS manifests a high incidence of stimulation-related side effects, such as dysarthria (9%), disequilibrium (4%),[ 3 12 28 34 ] and paraesthesia.[ 2 8 ] PSA DBS is associated with better tremor control and hand function with the use of lower voltages, resulting in a reduction of adverse events.[ 25 ] In addition, VIM DBS develops tolerance to stimulation,[ 2 3 9 17 33 ] while there is no evidence thus far for habituation to chronic stimulation of the PSA.[ 20 27 29 30 31 ] It has been suggested that stimulation below the intercommisural line (26 electrodes) may be significantly more effective compared with (thalamic) stimulation above this line (14 electrodes), but only when the same stimulation parameters were used. Otherwise, they seemed to be equally effective.[ 2 ] Other authors reported a mean improvement of 87% in PSA DBS in a group of five patients at the follow-up after 1 year,[ 5 ] and a retrospective study reported more contacts yielding an optimal effect were found in the PSA group (19 subjects) than in the VIM group (17 subjects). In this study, “optimal effect” was defined as >90% tremor reduction, which occurred in 43% of the PSA group versus 18% of the VIM group.[ 32 ] Recently, a retrospective study reported a tremor reduction of 32% in VIM DBS (mean follow-up of 9.3 years) and 59% tremor reduction in the ZI (mean follow-up of 4.6 years).[ 18 ] However, this tremor reduction was a patient reported outcome and different coordinates were considered as ZI with respect to our PSA considered coordinates.

In this study, postoperative assessment of electrode location was mainly done by coregistration of preoperative MRI to a postoperative CT, which has been validated up to an accuracy of 1–2 mm.[ 15 ] Since both VIM and PSA are not directly visible on an MRI, we assessed the position of the leads based on coordinates relative to the MCP rather than based on anatomic location. Given the arbitrary cut-off between VIM and PSA group based on MCP targeting, we created the intermediate group to avoid classifying contact points that may activate tissue in both areas as one of them. A better approach toward defining the anatomical target would include visualization of the DRTT by implementing diffusion tensor imaging in the stereotactic planning.[ 8 ] Moreover, mathematical modeling of the volume of tissue activation may give a more representative impression of which basal nuclei and fiber tracts are involved in DBS.[ 1 7 ] Unfortunately, the latter still depends on custom code created within research groups and no widespread solution is available for this purpose.

Although no firm conclusions can be drawn from this retrospective analysis, there are noteworthy aspects from this study that feed the discussion on target selection for ET. First, stimulation of the PSA did not result in a better tremor control in this comparable cohort of ET patients. In fact, a trend toward better tremor control was found in the intermediate and VIM group compared with the PSA for which several explanations should be considered. For example, in the PSA group, there were less electrodes that used the nearest deepest contact, which suggests that perhaps by chance a nonoptimal position of the electrode was achieved in this group. In addition, stimulation parameters in the VIM group differed considerably with respect to the pulse-width that was applied, although we could not demonstrate any significant differences due to the low number of patients. The higher pulse-width also explains the somewhat higher voltage applied in the PSA group that was required to achieve a similar volume of tissue activation. This shift toward using lower pulse-widths in the PSA group may be a reflection of changes within the clinical DBS team and clinicians involved in programing the patients during the study period. In more recent years, the programing of DBS patients is performed by neurologists at our institution whereas in the earlier years of DBS implantation programing was usually done by the neurosurgical team. This also illustrates the main limitation of this study as the retrospective design compares not only patient specific differences but also changes in clinical practice. This taken into consideration, the observed reduction of tremor in this series of patients receiving PSA stimulation does not really look promising toward changing anatomical targets for ET using current imaging techniques.

CONCLUSION

Both VIM and PSA DBS are effective in reducing tremor in ET patients; however, based on our results, we cannot conclude whether one target is superior to the other one. Prospective research in a larger population is needed for stronger conclusions, and preferably includes fiber tracking of the DRTT for individual targeting and volume of tissue activation modeling for a more representative impression of the actual brain areas involved in DBS.

Competing interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Financial support and sponsorship

Nil.

Conflicts of interest

There are no conflicts of interest.

Acknowledgments

The authors would like to thank gratefully Nicole Bakker for her invaluable clinical assistance and Bjorn Winkens for statistical consultation.

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