Abstract

Background:Up to now, the feasibility and benefit of using fluorescein sodium under a dedicated surgical microscope filter (YE560, YELLOW 560 nm filter, Carl Zeiss Meditec, Germany) has never been clinically evaluated in infectious disorders of the brain.

Case Description:Here, we report the case of a male patient with a brain abscess in the right parietal lobe that was removed under fluorescence-guidance (intravenous administration of fluorescein sodium 10%, 5 mg/kg bodyweight). The abscess capsule showed intensive yellow fluorescent staining, while − under white light − the cortex appeared normal.

Conclusion:This technique may improve the identification and surgical removal of brain abscesses.

Keywords: Blood–brain barrier, brain abscess, fluorescein sodium, fluorescence-guided surgery, YELLOW 560 nm filter

INTRODUCTION

Fluorescein sodium (FL) has been increasingly used in oncologic neurosurgery, and its benefit has been repeatedly confirmed for high grade gliomas, brain metastases, and cerebral lymphomas.[ 7 ] Immediately after intravenous administration, FL accumulates in the disrupted blood–brain barrier (BBB) resulting in the dose-dependent visualization of the area of increased vascular permeability. This effect can be intensified by the use of a dedicated light source and filter (“YE560,” YELLOW 560 nm Filter, Carl Zeiss Meditec, Oberkochen) integrated into the PENTERO 900 surgical microscope (Carl Zeiss Meditec, Oberkochen).

However, to the best of our knowledge, the application of FL under the YE560 filter has never been evaluated for the visualization and removal of a brain abscess. Here, we report the rare case of a male patient with a brain abscess who was microsurgically treated with FL/YE560.

CASE REPORT

A 45-year-old Caucasian male patient presented at our emergency department with headache, visual deficiencies, and moderate disorientation. On the day of the admission, he experienced a convulsive seizure. His medical history was free of any severe infections, immunomodulatory diseases, severe traumas, malignancies, and recent surgical interventions. In the past years, he had not visited any tropical or subtropical areas.

Laboratory parameters on admission were not deranged and physical examination showed normothermia without meningeal irritation. In addition to the visual deficiencies and the mild mnestic impairment, no neurological deficits could be identified.

Immediate computed tomography (CT) scan showed a hypodense lesion in the right parietal region. On contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), a ring-shaped lesion in the right parietal lobe was noted [Figure 1a – c ]. The diffusion-weighted images showed an intensive hyperintense signal, which was strongly suspicious for a brain abscess [ Figure 1d ].

Figure 1

(a-c) Contrast-enhanced T1-weighted sequences show the brain abscess in the right parietal lobe; (d) diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging

Calculated antibiotic treatment was initiated with amoxicillin/clavulanic acid and metronidazole. The patient was prepared for surgical intervention. The patient was informed regarding the off-label use of FL, and he provided written consent.

Approximately 30–45 minutes prior to skin incision, 5 mg/kg bodyweight of FL (Natrium Fluoreszein^® 10%, ALCON, Germany) was administered via the central venous line during induction of anesthesia.

Craniotomy was planned with neuronavigation. After durotomy, the PENTERO 900 surgical microscope was applied. The lesion could not be detected under white light, however, showed intensive fluorescent staining under the YE560 nm filter [Figure 2a and b ]. After opening of the capsule, viscous pus poured out [ Figure 3a ] that was not fluorescing under filtered light [ Figure 3b ]. The pus and the capsule were microsurgically removed and sent to the neuropathology and microbiology department.

Figure 2

(a, b) Surgical site after durotomy. No pathological alteration of the brain surface under white light (a), intense fluorescent staining under YE560 (b)

Figure 3

(a, b) Surgical site after opening of the abscess. Drainage of pus under white light (a) and under YE560 (b). Note the nonfluorescence of the pus

The postoperative course was uneventful. Because no microbiological specimen could be identified, calculated antibiotic treatment was continued. The visual deficiencies and the mnestic impairment completely resolved, and the patient was discharged after 5 weeks.

DISCUSSION

Many literature reports have described the feasibility and benefit of FL under the YE560 or in confocal laser-endomicroscopy in malignant brain tumors.[ 2 ] In MRI contrast-enhancing tumors, FL significantly enhances the extent of resection (EOR); thus, it is increasingly applied in neuro-oncologic surgery. However, for neurosurgical purposes, FL is still off label because approval by most European authorities is still pending.

In high-grade gliomas and cerebral metastases, the BBB is severely disrupted.[ 6 ] This condition is generally depicted by gadolinium, the contrast dye commonly used for contrast-enhancement in T1-weighted MR-sequences. Similar to gadolinium, FL accumulates in the disrupted BBB because of increased vascular permeability, warranting strong correspondence between radiographic contrast enhancement and intraoperative fluorescence.

The American surgeon George E. Moore pioneered FL-guided surgery.[ 3 ] Even though he did not have first-hand experience with FL in brain abscess surgery, he hypothesized “it can only be suggested that acute inflammatory tissue will probably take up a large amount of dye.”[ 4 ] In 1990, Nakagawa et al. evaluated FL in a rodent brain-abscess model infected with Staphylococcus aureus and reported a clearly delineated fibrous capsule.[ 5 ] These results were confirmed 1 year later by Lo et al.[ 1 ] who described a marked breakdown of the BBB within 6 hours after inducing cerebritis with S. aureus in rats.

Many authors assumed that lesions with contrast-enhancement in the T1-weighted MR sequence excellently correspond to intraoperative fluorescence, irrespective of the biological and histological etiology of the lesion. For brain abscesses, however, this finding has only been confirmed experimentally but not clinically.

CONCLUSION

To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report evaluating the effect of FL under a dedicated microscope filter in a patient with a solid infectious lesion of the brain. In future, this technique can help identify subcortical or deeply located abscess formations and may be beneficial in increasing the rate of complete resection of abscess capsules. It is noteworthy that perilesional edema, to some degree is also stained yellow and must not be resected.

Financial support and sponsorship

Nil.

Conflicts of interest

Alexander Brawanski and Karl-Michael Schebesch have received speaker's fees from Carl Zeiss Meditec, Oberkochen, Germany.

References

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