{"id":"db08db8b-a403-4c5e-88cd-ac99af0a3917","slug":"the-gemini-spinal-cord-fusion-protocol-reloaded","title":"The “Gemini” spinal cord fusion protocol: Reloaded","authors":["Sergio Canavero"],"abstract":"Background: The GEMINI spinal cord fusion (SCF) protocol aims to address the challenges of spinal cord injuries by leveraging the principles of sharp severance and the importance of gray matter in motor function. Historical cases suggest that sharp severance may lead to better recovery outcomes than previously thought. The protocol is informed by advancements in understanding spinal cord anatomy and the mechanisms of neural recovery. Methods: The GEMINI protocol employs a sharp transection of spinal cords using specialized tools such as diamond microtomic blades or silicon nitride nanoknives to minimize damage. Additionally, fusogens like polyethylene glycol (PEG) and chitosan are utilized to facilitate the fusion of severed axons. Electrical stimulation is applied to enhance recovery and promote neural regrowth at the fusion site. Results: Animal studies have demonstrated that the GEMINI protocol can lead to significant recovery of motor function following spinal cord transection. The application of PEG has shown to promote axonal elongation and remyelination, while electrical stimulation has been effective in accelerating recovery times. These findings suggest that the principles underlying the GEMINI protocol are feasible and may lead to improved outcomes in spinal cord injury treatment. Conclusion: The GEMINI spinal cord fusion protocol represents a novel approach to spinal cord injury repair, emphasizing the potential for recovery through sharp severance and the use of fusogens. The integration of electrical stimulation further enhances the prospects for functional recovery. Future clinical applications may benefit from these principles, potentially transforming the management of spinal cord injuries. Keywords: spinal cord injury, fusion protocol, neural recovery, fusogens, electrical stimulation, sharp severance, gray matter","thumbnailUrl":"https://sni-digital-videos.s3.amazonaws.com/articles/db08db8b-a403-4c5e-88cd-ac99af0a3917/featured/hero-1782420924584.png","publishDate":"2015-02-03T00:00:00.000Z","doi":"10.4103/2152-7806.150674","categories":["General Neurosurgery","Original Article"],"fullTextUrl":"https://surgicalneurologyint.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/4558/SNI-6-18.pdf"}