Editor-in-Chief

Nancy Epstein, MD
Professor of Clinical Neurosurgery,
School of Medicine, State University of New York at Stony Brook; New York, NY

Chief of Neurosurgical Spine and Education
NYU Winthrop Hospital; Mineola, NY

Emeritus Editor-in-Chief

James I. Ausman, MD, PhD
Loma Linda University Department of Neurosurgery, Loma Linda, CA; UCLA Department of Neurosurgery, Los Angeles, CA; Desert Spine and Neurosurgery, Rancho Mirage, CA

James West, MD
Assistant to the Emeritus Editor-in-Chief

Founding Editors

James Ausman – Loma Linda University Department of Neurosurgery, Loma Linda, CA; UCLA Department of Neurosurgery, Los Angeles, CA; Desert Spine and Neurosurgery, Rancho Mirage, CA
Atos de Sousa (2010-2013) – Gerais Santa Casa Hospital and Lifecenter Hospital; Belo Horizonte, Brazil
Robert "Bob" Goodkin (2010-2012) – University of Washington; Seattle, WA, USA
Pat Kelly – NYU School of Medicine; New York, NY, USA
Neil Martin – Geisinger Health System; Danville, PA

Managing Editor

Jim Cook
31855 Date Palm Drive, Suite 3-400
Cathedral City, CA 92234
(760) 349-6600

Supplements

SNI: Computational

Associate Editor-in-Chief:

Pieter L. Kubben, MD, PhD
Maastricht University Medical Center; Maastricht, The Netherlands

Editors:

Alkinoos Athanasiou - Aristotle University of Thessaloniki; Thessaloniki, Greece
Philippe Bijlenga - Hôpitaux Universitaires de Genève; Geneva, Switzerland
Guillaume Charvet - Clinatec; Grenoble, France
Daniel John DiLorenzo - Loma Linda University Medical Center; Loma Linda, CA, USA
Francesco DiMeco - Istituto Nazionale Neurologico "C.Besta"; Milan, Italy
Erik Gommer - Maastricht University Medical Center; Maastricht, The Netherlands
Michael Murek - Inselspital, Universitätsspital Bern; Bern, Switzerland
Felix Scholtes - Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Liege; Liège, Belgium
Philiippe Schucht - Inselspital, Universitätsspital Bern; Bern, Switzerland
Peter Willems - Leiden University Medical Center; Leiden, The Netherlands

SNI: Digital Medicine

Associate Editor-in-Chief:

James I. Ausman, MD, PhD
Loma Linda University Department of Neurosurgery, Loma Linda, CA;
UCLA Department of Neurosurgery, Los Angeles, CA;
Desert Spine and Neurosurgery, Rancho Mirage, CA

Editors:

Tarun Arora - University of California at San Francisco; San Francisco, CA, USA
Warren Boling - Loma Linda University Medical Center; Loma Linda, CA, USA
Iype Cherian - Bharatpur College of Medical Sciences; Chitwan, Nepal
Chandrashekhar Deopujari - Hinduja Hospital; Mahim, Mumbai, India
Abdeslam El Khamlichi - Mohammed V University of Rabat; Rabat, Morocco
S. Ather Enam - Aga Khan University; Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan
Nancy Epstein - State University of New York at Stony Brook; New York, NY, USA
Marco Gonzales-Portillo - Instituto Neurociencias de Lima; Lima, Peru
Brian Hanak - Loma Linda University Children's Health; Loma Linda, CA, USA
Marwan Hariz - Umeå University; Umeå, Sweden
Kazuhiro Hongo - Shinshu University; Matsumoto, Japan
Esther Kim - Loma Linda University Children's Health; Loma Linda, CA, USA
Jorge Lazareff - University of California Los Angeles; Los Angeles, CA, USA
Tanya Minasian - Loma Linda University Children's Health; Loma Linda, CA, USA
Jay Morgan - Sierra Neurosurgery Group; Reno, NV, USA
Eric Nussbaum - National Brain Aneurysm & Tumor Center, Twin Cities, MN, USA
Frank Van Calenbergh - University Hospitals; Leuven, Belgium
James West - Loma Linda University Medical Center; Loma Linda, CA, USA

SNI: Epilepsy

Associate Editor-in-Chief:

Warren Boling, MD
Loma Linda University Medical Center; Loma Linda, CA, USA

SNI: General Neurosurgery

Associate Editor-in-Chief:

Eric Nussbaum, MD
National Brain Aneurysm & Tumor Center, Twin Cities, MN, USA

Editors:

Vini G. Khurana – CNS Neurosurgery; Sydney, Australia

SNI: Global Health and Education

Associate Editor-in-Chief:

Jorge Lazareff MD, FAANS
University of California Los Angeles; Los Angeles, CA, USA

SNI: Head and Spinal Cord Transplantation

Associate Editors-in-Chief:

Sergio Canavero, MD
XiaoPing Ren, MD
HEAVEN/GEMINI International Collaborative Group, Turin, Italy

Editors:

Farid Amirouche – University of Illinois at Chicago

SNI: Infection

Associate Editor-in-Chief:

Ali Akhaddar, MD, IFAANS
Avicenne Military Hospital; Marrakech, Morocco

Editors:

Mohamed Benzagmout – University Hospital of Fez; Fez, Morocco
Walter Hall – State University of New York; Syracuse, NY, USA
Julio Sotelo – National Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery; Mexico City, Mexico
Mehmet Turgut – Adnan Menderes University School of Medicine; Aydin, Turkey

SNI: Medical Legal Public Health and Policy

Associate Editor-in-Chief:

Clark Watts, MD
University of Texas School of Law; Austin, TX, USA

SNI: Neuroanatomy/Neurophysiology

Associate Editor-in-Chief:

Dennis Malkasian
University of California at Los Angeles; Los Angeles, CA, USA

SNI: Neuroanesthesia and Critical Care

Associate Editor-in-Chief:

Ramsis F. Ghaly
University of Illinois at Chicago; Chicago, IL, USA

SNI: Neuroendoscopy

Associate Editor-in-Chief:

J. André Grotenhuis, MD
Radboud University Medical Center; Nijmegen, The Netherlands

Editor:

Chandrashekhar Deopujari - Hinduja Hospital; Mahim, Mumbai, India

SNI: Neuro-Inflammation

Associate Editor-in-Chief:

Russell Blaylock, MD
Advanced Nutritional Concepts and Theoretical Neurosciences; Ridgeland, MS, USA

Editors:

F. Gómez-Pinilla - University of California at Los Angeles; Los Angeles, CA, USA

SNI: Neuro-oncology and Skull Base

Associate Editor in Chief:

Mitsutoshi Nakada, MD, PhD
Kanazawa University; Ishikawa, Japan

Editors:

Chandrashekhar Deopujari - Hinduja Hospital; Mahim, Mumbai, India
Yasuhiko Hayashi - Kanazawa Medical University; Ishikawa, Japan
Lauren Hertan - Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center; Boston, MA, USA
Imad N. Kanaan - The King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center; Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
Kazuhiko Kurozumi - Okayama University; Okayama, Japan
Anand Mahadevan - Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center; Boston, MA, USA
Aldo A. Spallone - NCL - Institute of Neurosciences; Rome, Italy
Lee E. Tessler - Neurological Surgery, P.C.; Long Island, NY, USA

SNI: Neuropatholgy

Associate Editor-in-Chief:

Istvan Bodi
King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust; London, United Kingdom

Editors:

Johannes A. Hainfellner, MD – Medical University of Vienna; Vienna, Austria
Tibor Hortobágyi, MD – Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen; Debrecen, Hungary

SNI: Neurosurgery Concepts: Perspectives on Key Articles in Neurosurgery

Associate Editor-in-Chief:

Isaac Yang, MD
UCLA Medical Center; Los Angeles, CA, USA

Editors:

A.M. Bohnen - Northwestern University; Chicago, IL, USA
J.M. Cho - Ajou University School of Medicine; Suwon, South Korea
C.B. Colen - Beaumont Hospital; Grosse Pointe, MI, USA
N.S. Dahdaleh - Northwestern University; Chicago, IL, USA
E. Duckworth - Baylor College of Medicine; Houston, TX, USA
A.V. Germanwala - Loyola University School of Medicine; Maywood, IL, USA
P. Kan - Baylor College of Medicine; Houston, TX, USA
A. Khalessi - University of California at San Diego; San Diego, CA, USA
C.Y. Kim - Seoul National University Bundang Hospital; Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
S. Lam - Baylor College of Medicine; Houston, TX, USA
G. Li - Stanford University; Stanford, CA, USA
M. Lim - Johns Hopkins University; Baltimore, MD, USA
J.H. Sherman - George Washington University; Washington, DC, USA
V.Y. Wang - University of California at San Francisco; San Francisco, CA, USA
G. Zada - Keck School of Medicine at U.S.C.; Los Angeles, CA, USA

SNI: Neurovascular

Associate Editor-in-Chief:

Kazuhiro Hongo, MD
Shinshu University; Matsumoto, Japan

Editors:

Vladimir Beneš - Charles University; Prague, Czech Republic
G.W. Britz - The Methodist Hospital; Houston, TX, USA
J.A. Dye - University of California at Los Angeles; Los Angeles, CA, USA
J. Frösen - Helsinki University Central Hospital; Helsinki, Finland
Atul Goel, MD – King Edward Memorial Hospital, Mumbai, India
G. Grasso - University of Palermo; Palermo, Italy
Tetsuyoshi Horiuchi, MD, PhD – Shinshu University School of Medicine, Asahi, Japan
Kiyohiro Houkin, MD, PhD – Hokkaido University Hospital, Sapporo, Japan
Vijendra K. Jain - Max Superspecialty Hospital; New Delhi, India
Yoko Kato - Fujita Health University Hospital, Toyoake, Japan
M.J. Korja - Macquarie University Hospital; Sydney, Australia
Satoshi Kuroda, MD, PhD – University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
G. Lanzino - Mayo Clinic; Rochester, MN, USA
Yasushi Matsumoto, MD – Kohnan Hospital, Sendai, Japan
R. Loch Macdonald - University of Toronto; Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Yuichi Murayama, MD – Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
E.S. Nussbaum - St. Joseph's Hospital; Twin Cities, MN, USA
Amitendu Sekhar - Manipal Hospital; Salem, India
T. Shibuya - Nihon University School of Medicine; Tokyo, Japan
Yuichiro Tanaka, MD – St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Japan
P. Taussky - University of Utah; Salt Lake City, UT, USA
K. Van Overbeeke - Maastricht University Medical Centre; Maastricht, The Netherlands
Shinichi Yoshimura – Hyogo College of Medicine, Hyogo, Japan
J. Zabramski - Barrow Neurosurgical Associates; Phoenix, AZ, USA

SNI: Nursing

Associate Editor-in-Chief:

Nancy Epstein, MD
NYU Winthrop Hospital; Mineola NY, USA

SNI: Pain

Associate Editor-in-Chief:

Jeff Brown
Neurological Surgery, P.C.; Great Neck, NY, USA

SNI: Pediatric Neurosurgery

Associate Editor-in-Chief:

Frank Van Calenbergh, MD
University Hospitals; Leuven, Belgium

Editors:

Chandrashekhar Deopujari - Hinduja Hospital; Mahim, Mumbai, India
G. Grant - University Medical Center; Durham, NC, USA
B.W. Hanak - Loma Linda University; Loma Linda, CA, USA
J. Lazareff - University of California at Los Angeles; Los Angeles, CA, USA
T. Minasian - Loma Linda University Children's Health; Loma Linda, CA, USA
M.Z. Tahir - Great Ormond Street Children's Hospital, NHS Foundation Trust; London, UK

SNI: Review of Randomized Controlled Trials

Associate Editor-in-Chief:

Benjamin W. Y. Lo, MD
Montreal Neurological Institute & Hospital, McGill University; Quebec, Canada

Editors:

Mark Angle – Montreal Neurological Institute & Hospital, McGill University; Quebec, Canada
Hitoshi Fukuda – Kochi University Hospital; Kochi, Japan
Masaomi Koyanagi – National Hospital Organization Himeji Medical Center (Kyoto University); Hyogo, Japan
Matthew Wai-Man Lui – Queen Mary Hospital, University of Hong Kong; Pokfulam, Hong Kong
Satoru Miyawaki – The University of Tokyo; Tokyo, Japan
Jeanne Teitelbaum – Montreal Neurological Institute & Hospital, McGill University; Quebec, Canada
Anderson C.O. Tsang – The University of Hong Kong; Hong Kong
George Kwok Chu Wong – Prince of Wales Hospital, Chinese University of Hong Kong; Shatin, Hong Kong

Ad Hoc Members:

Mitchell A. H. Levine –McMaster University; Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
Abbas Sadikot – Montreal Neurological Institute & Hospital, McGill University

SNI: Revista Argentina de Neurocirugica

Associate Editors-in-Chief:

Álvaro Campero -- Hospital Padilla, S. M. Tucumán
Matteo Baccanelli -- Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires; Buenos Aires, Argentina

Secretario de Redacción: Rubén Mormandi - FLENI, CABA
Editor Fundador: León Turjanski - Hospital Cosme Argerich, CABA

Comité de Redacción
Matteo Baccanelli - Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires
Martín Guevara - Hospital Fernández, CABA
Martín Saez - Hospital Gandulfo, Lomas de Zamora
Fidel Sosa - Hospital El Cruce, Florencio Varela
Pablo Rubino - Hospital El Cruce, Florencio Varela
Pablo Ajler - Hospital Italiano, CABA
Sergio Pampín - Hospital Posadas, Ramos Mejía
Tomás Funes - Sanatorio Otamendi, CABA
Jorge Bustamante - Hospital El Cruce, Florencio Varela
Federico Landriel - Hospital Italiano, CABA
Leopoldo Luque - Hospital El Cruce, Florencio Varela

Comité Asesor y de Revisión
Coordinador: Marcelo Platas
Miembros:
Jaime Rimoldi
Jorge Oviedo
Rafael Torino
Juan Mezzadri
Graciela Zúccaro
Luis Lemme Plaghos
Jorge Salvat
Julio César Suarez
Julio Antico
Horacio Fontana
Oscar Stella
Antonio Carrizo
Silvia Berner
Jorge Lambre
Francisco Papalini
León Turjanski
Alejandra Rabadán
Javier Gardella

Comité de Trabajo Suplementum Revista Argentina de Neurocirugía - Surgical Neurology International
Matteo Baccanelli - Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires
Pablo Ajler - Hospital Italiano, CABA
Federico Landriel - Hospital Italiano, CABA,

SNI: Socioeconomics, Politics, Medicine and World Affairs

Associate Editors-in-Chief:

James I Ausman, MD, PhD
Loma Linda University Department of Neurosurgery, Loma Linda, CA; UCLA Department of Neurosurgery, Los Angeles, CA; Desert Spine and Neurosurgery, Rancho Mirage, CA

Russell Blaylock, MD
Advanced Nutritional Concepts and Theoretical Neurosciences; Ridgeland, MS, USA

Miguel Faria, MD
Founder and Editor Emeritus Medical Sentinel; www.haciendapublishing.com

Walter Johnson, MD
World Health Organization; Geneva, Switzerland

Editors:

Youssef Fares, MD, PhD, EMBA - Lebanese University; Beirut, Lebanon

SNI: Stereotactic

Associate Editor-in-Chief:

Veronica Lok-Sea Chiang, MD
Yale School of Medicine; New Haven, CT, USA

Editors:

L. Angelov - Cleveland Clinic; Cleveland, OH, USA
T. Bergenheim- University of Umeå; Umeå, Sweden
P.T. Brainer-Lima - University de Pernambuco; Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
P. Coubes - Montpellier University Hospital; Montpellier, France
S. Eljamel - University of Dundee; Scotland, UK
E.E. Fanselow - University of Pittsburgh; Pittsburgh, PA, USA
L. Frighetto - Moinhos de Vento Hospital; Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
I. Germano - Mount Sinai School of Medicine; New York, NY, USA
A. Gorgulho - University of California; Los Angeles, CA, USA
C. Hamani - University of Toronto; Toronto, Canada
H. Hirabayashi - University of Nara Medical School; Kashihara-City, Nara, Japan
R. Jensen - University of Utah; Salt Lake City, UT, USA
B. Jonker - University of Sydney; Sydney, Australia
D. Kondziolka - University of Pittsburgh; Pittsburgh, PA, USA
S.E. Krahl - University of California; Los Angeles, CA, USA
J. Lemaire - Clermont-Ferrand University Hospital; Clemont-Ferrand, France
K. Lizarraga - University of Rochester; Rochester, NY, USA
A. Machado - Cleveland Clinic; Cleveland, OH, USA
C. Mallucci - Alder Hey Children’s Hospital; Chester, UK
T. Mindermann - Klinik Im Park; Zurich, Switzerland
A. Plasencia - Pacific Institute of Radiosurgery; Lima, Peru
N. Pouratian - University of California at Los Angeles; Los Angeles, CA, USA
D. Prevedello - Ohio State University; Columbus, OH, USA
J.M. Regis - Hopitaux De Marseille; Marseille, France
A. Savas - Ankara University; Ankara, Turkey
M. Schulder - North Shore University Hospital; Manhasset, NY, USA
G. Sinclair - North Middlesex University Hospital NHS Trust, London, UK
S. Sirin - Gulhane Military Medical Academy; Ankara, Turkey
B. Sun - Shanghai Jiaotong University; Shanghai, China
Y. Temel - Maastricht University Medical Center; Maastricht, The Netherlands
F. Xiao - National Taiwan University Hospital; Taipei, Taiwan
C. Yampolsky - Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires; Buenos Aires, Argentina
L. Zrinzo - University College; London, UK

SNI: Spine

Associate Editor-in-Chief:

Nancy Epstein, MD
NYU Winthrop Hospital; Mineola NY, USA

Editors:

K. Abumi - Hokkaido University Health; Sapporo, Japan
P. Arnold - University of Kansas; Kansas City, KS, USA
J. Baisden - University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
P.G. Benton - Atlanta Medical Center, Atlanta, GA, USA
B.R. Cohen - NYU Winthrop Hospital; Mineola, NY, USA
F. Cohen - Palm Beach Gardens Medical Center; Palm Beach Gardens, FL, USA
B. Cunha - NYU Winthrop Hospital; Mineola, NY
R. A. Deyo - Oregon Health and Science University; Portland, OR, USA
D. J. DiLorenzo - Loma Linda University Medical Center; Loma Linda, CA, USA
T. B. Ducker - Retired, Johns Hopkins University; Baltimore, MD, USA
J.H. Dunn - Southern Arizona VA Health Center; Tucon, AZ, USA
C. L. Forte - Blume, Goldfaden, Berkowitz, Donnelly, Fried, & Forte; Jersey City, NJ, USA
F. W. Gamache - Cornell Medical Center; NY, NY, USA
E. N. Hanley - Carolinas Health Care; Charlotte, NC, USA
D. L. Hilton - Neurosurgical Associates of Aan Antonio; San Antonio, TX, USA
L. T. Holly - UCLA Medical Center; Los Angeles, CA, USA
R. Hollingsworth - NYU Winthrop Hospital; Mineola, NY, USA
G. B. Jacobs - Hackensack University Medical Center; South Hackensack, NJ, USA
P. M. Lippe - Vista de Almaden; San Jose, CA, USA
B. W. Lo - Montreal Neurological Institute & Hospital, McGill University; Quebec, Canada
J. Loeser - University of Washington; Seattle, WA, USA
D. J. Maiman - University of Wisconsin; Milwaukee, WI, USA
R. A. McGuire - University of Missippi Medical Center; Jackson, MS, USA
H. Morgan - University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center; Dallas, TX, USA
H. Moses - Greater Baltimore Medical Center; Baltimore, MD, USA
H. Nakagawa - Univeristy of Nagoya; Nagoya, Japan
A. Okawa - Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Graduate School of Medicine; Tokyo, Japan
A. A. Patel - Loyola University Health System; Maywood, IL, USA
R. Pawl - Loyola University Hospital; Lake Forest, IL, USA
G. R. Rechtine - Florida Orthopedic Institute; Tampa, FL, USA
K. Shinomiya - Tokyo Medical and Dental University; Tokyo, Japan
M. Stecker - University of California at San Francisco; Fresno, CA, USA
P. J. Tortolani - Union Memorial Hospital; Baltimore, MD, USA
V. C. Traynelis - Hackensack University Medical Center; South Hackensack, NJ, USA
M. Visocchi - Catholic University of Rome; Rome, Italy
J. Wang - UCLA School of Medicine; Santa Monica, CA, USA
C. Watts - University of Texas School of Law; Austin, TX, USA
K. Yonenobu - Osaka-Minami Medical Center; Kawachinagano, Osaka, Japan
S. Zeidman - The Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences; Bethesda, MD, USA

SNI: Trauma

Associate Editors-in-Chief:

Iype Cherian
Bharatpur College of Medical Sciences; Chitwan, Nepal

Roy Daniel
Lausanne University Hospital; Lausanne, Switzerland

Corrado Iaccarino
University of Modena and Reggio Emilia; Modena, Italy

Jutty Parthiban
Kovai Medical Center and Hospital; Tamil Nadu, India

Editors:

P.D. Le Roux - The Brain and Spine Center; Wynnewood, PA, USA
Eric Thelin – Karolinska University Hospital; Stockholm, Sweden

SNI: Unique Case Observations

Associate Editor-in-Chief:

S. Ather Enam, MD, PhD
Aga Khan University; Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan

Editors:

Bilal Khan Afridi - Lady Reading Hospital; Peshawar, Pakistan
Mehboob Alam - POF Hospital; Wah Cantt, Islamabad, Pakistan
Altaf Alilaghari - The Aga Khan University Hospital; Karachi, Pakistan
Saad Bin Anis - Shaukat Khanum Hospital; Lahore, Pakistan
Ehsan Bari - The Aga Khan University Hospital; Karachi, Pakistan
Ali Bydon - Johns Hopkins Hospital; Baltimore, MD, United States
Waeel Hamouda - Cairo University; Cairo, Egypt
Muhammad Imran - Dow University of Health Sciences; Karachi, Pakistan
Saad Akhter Khan - The Aga Khan University Hospital; Karachi, Pakistan
Sara Khan - The Aga Khan University Hospital; Karachi, Pakistan
Rajesh Kumar - Dubai Medical College; Dubai, United Arab Emirates
Ian Lee - Henry Ford Hosptial; Detroit, MI, United States
Farhan Mirza - Montreal Neurological Institute; Montreal, Quebec, Canada
Fatima Mubarak - The Aga Khan University Hospital; Karachi, Pakistan
Moshiur Rahman - Holy Family Red Crescent Medical College, Dhaka, Bangladesh
Bharath Raju - Rutgers University; New Brunswick, NJ, United States
Yaseen Rauf - Patel Hospital; Karachi, Pakistan
Shahzad Shamim - The Aga Khan University Hospital; Karachi, Pakistan
Morteza Taheri - Iran University of Medical Sciences; Tehran, Iran
Zubair Tahir - Great Ormond Street Childrens Hospital; London, England
Badar Ujjan - Memom Medical Institute; Karachi, Pakistan
Naveed Zaman - Rehman Medical Institute; Peshawar, Pakistan

Contributing Editors

Ethics: L.F. Post, MD
Genetics: R. Rosenberg, MD

Psychiatry

M. Gaviria - University of Illinois at Chicago; Chicago, IL, USA
E.J. Nestler - Mount Sinai School of Medicine; New York, NY, USA
C. Pritchard - Bournemouth University; Poole, England

SNI Publications

Owners:

James I Ausman, MD, PhD
Carolyn R Ausman, BSS