Abstract

Background:Cellular myxoma is a histopathologically distinctive benign neoplasm, which has often been categorized among the broad category of benign mesenchymal tumors with myxoid stroma and fibroblast- and/or myofibroblast-like cells. These tumors can arise in any of the large muscles and are usually found in the thigh, shoulder, buttocks, and upper arm, and more rarely in the head and neck or in small muscles of the hand.

Case Description:Here we illustrate the case of a 57-year-old female with a spinal lesion, who initially presented with complaints of vague pelvic discomfort but no focal neurological deficits. Imaging revealed a sharply demarcated paraspinal lesion concerning for a tumorous growth. The lesion was excised in toto and a detailed immuno-histopathological analysis was performed revealing the diagnosis of a cellular myxoma. Postoperative imaging showed a gross total resection and the patient is under clinical surveillance since, with no signs of recurrence after 42 months.

Conclusion:Although very rare, this entity should be considered in the differential diagnosis of any spinal and paraspinal mass to allow for adequate treatment, which requires wide excision with clean margins to avoid any local recurrence.

Keywords: Cellular myxoma, intramuscular myxoma, lumbar myxoma, paraspinal myxoma

INTRODUCTION

Among the various but scarce benign myxoid soft tissue tumors, intramuscular myxomas stand as one of the more common ones, with an incidence of 0.1 to 0.13 per 100,000.[ 13 ]

Typically a tumor of adulthood,[ 5 ] with virtually no reported examples in children and adolescents,[ 7 ] it is characterized by abundant myxoid matrix, a poorly developed vasculature,[ 1 ] and a small number of inconspicuous stellate- or spindle-shaped fibroblast-like cells.[ 20 ] Although most tumors appear to be well-circumscribed, it is not uncommon for this tumor to actually infiltrate the adjacent musculature and soft tissue. Occasionally, intramuscular myxomas show focal areas of hypercellularity and hypervascularity. However, these foci show a distinct lack of nuclear atypia, necrosis, and mitotic activity, and hence bear no prognostic significance. The current treatment of choice remains unclear, but so far most of the cases described underwent wide resection only, since local recurrence which is a rare event[ 28 ] in this setting.

CASE REPORT

Here, we report a 57-year-old Caucasian female, with an unremarkable past medical history, who was referred to our neurosurgical department after she presented with an incidentally found lesion on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of her lower spine. On physical examination the patient did complain about discomfort in her pelvic area when sitting, left greater than right. However, she did not have any related neurologic complains such as back pain or leg pain, nor did she display any weakness, numbness or tingling sensation or other signs of radiculopathy. The mass was incidentally discovered on lumbar MRI, which was obtained for evaluation of her atypical pelvic pain.

Routine MRI was obtained demonstrating a right-sided sharply demarcated, poorly and heterogeneously contrast enhancing paraspinal lesion at the junction of the lumbar and sacral spine. The mass was localized immediately adjacent to the posterior elements (lamina and spinous process) and was deeply seeded in the right multifidus muscle adjacent to the L5 inferior articular process. It measured approximately 3.0 × 3.0 × 3.5 cm in size on T1 postcontrast images [ Figure 1 ]. Based on radiographic criteria alone, the differential diagnosis included: Schwannoma, lipoma or liposarcoma, fibroma, myoma, sarcoma or metastatic disease among rare other entities. A full systemic work up was performed and included a contrast enhanced computed tomography (CT) of the chest, abdomen, and pelvis as well as a mammogram and were negative for any other focus of systemic disease. As the lesion was concerning for a neoplasm, the patient was counseled and advised to pursue a histopathological diagnosis to direct further treatment options. She opted for an open surgical approach aiming for an excisional biopsy and she was consented and taken electively to surgery.

Figure 1

Pre-op MRI scan sequences with and without contrast: (a) axial T1 pre-contrast, (b) sagittal T1 pre-contrast, (c) axial T2, (d) sagittal T2, (e) T1 post-contrast, (f) sagittal post-contrast

Preoperative repeat MRI was performed within a 4 week window after initial presentation and revealed an unchanged right-sided paraspinal lesion at the level of the lower posterior lumbosacral spine. The lesion measured again approximately 3.5 cm in diameter and remained heterogeneously contrast enhancing and appeared somewhat lobulated. It continued to display sharp demarcation to the surrounding soft tissue. It did not show signs of erosion or invasion of the osseous parts of the L5 posterior elements.

Surgery was performed under general anesthesia. The patient was positioned prone on a Wilson frame and a standard midline incision was performed after application of local anesthesia. The subcutaneous layers were split and the thoracolumbar fascia was divided. Dissecting into the soft tissue, we immediately identified a well encapsulated lesion deep in the paraspinal muscles, but the mass was adherent to the periostium of L5 and S1. An unremarkable dissection was performed and the lesion was resected in toto with a small soft tissue margin. Intraoperative fresh frozen analysis revealed a myxoid spindle cell tumor without significant atypia. Since the mass was abutting the osseous posterior elements of L5 and S1, we carefully coagulated the surface of the entire bony area that had been contacted to diminish the chances for any local recurrence. The wound was closed in layers and the patient had an unremarkable postoperative course. She was discharged to home the second postoperative day.

Pathology

The entire specimen with a small clean margin was received for pathological examination and measured ca. 5 cm. Cut surfaces revealed a thinly encapsulated, well-circumscribed lesion with a soft white, gelatinous appearing cut surface. The specimen was entirely submitted for histopathological examination. Routine hematoxylin and eosin stains were performed on formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded sections and showed a relatively well-circumscribed tumor composed of prominent myxoid stroma with a distinct presence of stellate-shaped bland cells with pyknotic nuclei and virtual absence of blood vessels [ Figure 2a ]. In approximately 20% of the tumor specimen, areas of increased cellularity and vascularity were noted [ Figure 2b ]. However, no mitotic activity, necrosis, or increase in nuclear atypia was noted in these foci. The tumor cells stained negatively for S100, actin, desmin, EMA, and cytokeratin cocktail. Based on the histopathological and immunophenotypical profile, a diagnosis of cellular myxoma was made.

Figure 2

(a) In many areas, the tumor showed the classic appearance of intramuscular myxoma, characterized by a hypocellular tumor with prominent myxoid background, stellate - shaped cells and poorly developed vascularity. (b) In contrast, many foci of increased cellularity and vascularity (arrows) were identified. Note the lack of nuclear atypia, necrosis, and mitotic activity. (H and E, ×20 objective)

As recurrence is very uncommon for such tumors after complete excision, no other therapeutic intervention was recommended. Due to the rather rare diagnosis of cellular myxoma in this locale – with overall dearth of evidence-based clinical recommendations – a close and frequent follow-up surveillance imaging schedule was established for this patient in spite of this entity being described as a benign tumor. To date, 42 months after the surgery, the patient remains neurologically intact, feels well and no recurrence has been observed on sequential imaging [Figure 3a-f ].

Figure 3

(a - f) MRI in T2 and T1 sequences in sagittal and axial planes with and without intravenous contrast application showing no tumor recurrence on subsequent films taken every 6 months

DISCUSSION

Most intramuscular myxomas present as a solitary painless mass that typically occur in the large muscles of the thigh, shoulder, buttocks, and upper arm.[ 1 3 4 18 ]

Clinical

Unusual sites include the muscles of the head and neck, the forearm, and small muscles of the hand.[ 22 ] So far, only a few cases of classic intramuscular myxomas have been reported [ 8 12 27 ][ Table 1 ] and to the best of our knowledge, only one other case of cellular myxoma has been reported in this paraspinal lumbar region (Falavigna et al.[ 8 ]).

Table 1

Location of resected paraspinal intramuscular myxomas reported in literature

These tumors are usually observed in adults at about 40-70 years of age, with a female predominance. [ 18 ]A history of trauma to the region is rarely given. A rare association with a variety of other pathologies has been described and includes Fibrous dysplasia (e.g., Aoki et al. [ 2 ], 1995), Albright′s Syndrome, [ 17 ]and Mazabraud′s Syndrome. [ 11 ]The average size at the time of diagnosis varies greatly, the majority measuring between 5 and 10 cm. The tumor is usually well-circumscribed grossly, but infiltration into adjacent skeletal muscle and/or soft tissue is not uncommon. [ 22 ]Characteristic MRI features include rather homogenous low signal intensity on T1-weighted MR sequences and high signal intensity on T2-weighted or fluid sensitive MR sequences. The majority of lesions display well-defined borders and a peritumoral far rind. Heterogeneous contrast enhancement was observed in many of the studied lesions (Bancroft et al.[ 4 ]; Nishimoto et al[ 19 ], 2004).

On histological examination, a unique hypocellular tumor with striking myxoid background and almost absent vasculature is very characteristic. The tumor lacks nuclear atypia, necrosis, and prominent mitotic activity. [ 1 20 21 ]

Differential diagnosis include low-grade myxofibrosarcoma, low-grade fibromyxoid sarcoma, myxoid liposarcoma, and myxoid neurothecomas.[ 6 20 ] The absence of nuclear hyperchromasia, prominent curvilinear vasculature, perivascular tumoral condensation, collagenous matrix, well-formed lipoblasts, and well-developed lobules with characteristics fibrous bands and S100-positivity are used to exclude these other considerations.[ 10 12 ]

Intramuscular myxoma is a benign lesion, and surgery is considered curative, as seems to be the case with our patient, with rare reported cases of local recurrence. Although part of the general “myxoid” family of tumors, these lesions are not associated with the Carney complex,[ 1 ] classically characterized by a triad of cutaneous and cardiac myxomas, spotty pigmentation, and endocrine hyperactivity.

CONCLUSION

Although cellular myxomas are only rarely encountered in the practice of neurosurgery, neurosurgeons should be aware of this entity. Despite the fact that the increase in cellularity may raise concerns about potential aggressiveness of such lesions, previous cases show that complete surgical excision of these lesions is apparently curative and should be seen as the treatment of choice until longer follow up data are available examining outcomes of a larger cohort.

References

1. Allen PW. Myxoma is not a single entity: A review of the concept of myxoma. Ann Diagn Pathol. 2000. 4: 99-123

2. Aoki T, Kouho H, Hisaoka M, Hashimoto H, Nakata H, Sakai A. Intramuscular myxoma with fibrous dysplasia: A report of 2 cases with a review of the literature. Pathol Int. 1995. 45: 165-71

3. Al-Qattan MM. Myxoma of the hand. J Hand Surg Br. 1996. 21: 690-2

4. Bancroft LW, Kransdorf MJ, Menke DM, O’Connor MI, Foster WC. Intramuscular myxoma characteristic MR imaging features. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2002. 178: 1255-9

5. Caro P, Dubrana F, Le Nen D, Lefevre C, Courtois B. Intramuscular myxoma.Apropos of a case and review of the literature. Rev Chir Orthop Reparatrice Appar Mot. 1991. 77: 568-70

6. Chan PN, Lee SF, Chow TC. A rare benign tumour- intramuscular myxoma. J HK Coll Radiol. 2004. 7: 40-3

7. Crankson SJ, Al Namshan M, Al Mane K, Bamefleh H. Intramuscular myxoma: A rare neck mass in child. Pediatr Radiol. 2002. 32: 120-2

8. Falavigna A, Righesso O, Volquind D, Teles AR. Intramuscular myxoma of the cervical paraspinal muscle. Eur Spine J. 2009. 18: S245-9

9. Feldman PS. A comparative study including ultrastructure of intramuscular myxoma and myxoid liposarcoma. Cancer. 1979. 43: 512-25

10. Folpe AL.editors. Tumors of Miscellaneous Type or Uncertain Lineage. Bone and Soft Tissue Pathology: A Volume in the Diagnostic Pathology Series. Elsevier Inc: Phiadelphia; 2010. p. 277-

11. Gaumétou E, Tomeno B, Anract P. Mazabraud’s syndrome.A case with multiple myxomas. Orthop Traumatol Surg Res. 2012. 98: 455-60

12. Guppy KH, Wagner F, Tawk R, Gallagher L. Intramuscular myxoma causing lumbar radiculopathy. J Neurosurg. 2001. 95: S260-3

13. Heymans O, Gebhart M, Alexiou J, de Saint Aubain N, Larsimont D. Intramuscular myxoma. Acta Chir Belg. 1998. 98: 120-2

14. Ishoo E. Intramuscular myxoma presenting as a rare posterior neck mass in a young child: Case report and literature review. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2007. 133: 398-401

15. Kamoun N, Zouari M, Siala M, Karray S, Douik M, Litaiem T. Intramuscular myxoma.Apropos of two cases. Rev Chir Orthop Reparatrice Appar Mot. 1997. 83: 278-82

16. Liguoro D, Viejo-Fuertes D, Vital A, San Galli F, Dautheribes M, Guerin J. Intramuscular myxoma.A case of myxoma of the spinal erector muscle. Neurochirurgie. 1999. 45: 54-7

17. Logel RJ. Recurrent intramuscular myxoma associated with Albright′s syndrome. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1976. 58: 565-8

18. Murphey MD, McRae GA, Fanburg-Smith JC, Temple HT, Levine AM, Aboulafia AJ. Imaging of soft-tissue myxoma with emphasis on CT and MR and comparison of radiologic and pathologic findings. Radiology. 2002. 225: 215-24

19. Nishimoto K, Kusuzaki K, Matsumine A, Seto M, Fukutome K, Maeda M. Surrounding muscle edema detected by MRI is valuable for diagnosis of intramuscular myxoma. Oncol Rep. 2004. 11: 143-8

20. Nielsen GP, O’Connell JX, Rosenberg AE. Intramuscular myxoma: A clinicopathologic study of 51 cases with emphasis on hypercellular and hypervascular variants. Am J Surg Pathol. 1998. 22: 1222-7

21. Nielsen G, Stenman G, Fletcher C, Krishnan KU, Mertens F.editors. Tumors of uncertain differentiation. Pathology and Genetics of tumours of Soft Tissue and Bone. IARC Press: Lyon; 2002. p. 187-

22. Patsiaoura K, Anagnostou E, Benis N. Intramuscular myxoma of the nasal vestibule. Auris Nasus Larynx. 2010. 37: 100-2

23. Rashid A, Abdul-Jabar HB, Karmani S, Rezajooi K, Casey AT. Giant paravertebral myxoma. Eur Spine J. 2011. 20: S138-42

24. Shugar JM, Som PM, Meyers RJ, Schaeffer BT. Intramuscular head and neck myxoma: Report of a case and review of the literature. Laryngoscope. 1987. 97: 105-7

25. Stinchcombe S, Kochhar R, Malkan D. Intramuscula Myxoma of the Paraspinal Musculature. J Med Cases. 2010. 1: 42-6

26. Taggarshe D, Raheja S, Yoo S, Mittal V. Intramuscular myxoma: A rare back mass. Am Surg. 2010. 76: 1303-4

27. Tahmouresie A, Farmer PM, Stokes N. Paraspinal myxoma with spinal cord compression. J Neurosurg. 1981. 54: 542-4

28. van Roggen JF, McMenamin ME, Fletcher CD. Cellular myxoma of soft tissue: A clinicopathological study of 38 cases confirming indolent clinical behaviour. Histopathology. 2001. 39: 287-97