Abstract

Background:Spine fractures may involve the ligamentum flavum (LF). Here, we utilized the “ligamentum flavum gap,” defined by the discontinuity of the LF at the level of a vertebral fracture, to document a vertebral fracture.

Methods:Utilizing X-rays, computed tomography (CT), and magnetic resonance (MR) studies, 10 patients with type B vertebral fractures were diagnosed with the ligamentum flavum gap (LFG: discontinuity of the LF) at the fracture levels. The fractures were located in 2 patients in the cervical and 8 in the thoracolumbar spine.

Results:All 10 patients with vertebral fractures had complained of axial pain. Four also showed progressive thoracic kyphosis. Notably, all demonstrated a loss of continuity in the LF at the level of fracture “ligamentum flavum gap.” T2-weighted and short tau inversion recovery (STIR) MR sagittal studies were best at locating LFG at the level of a fracture.

Conclusion:Here, we identified best on sagittal T2 and STIR-weighted MR studies 10 patients for whom discontinuity of the ligamentum flavum (LFG) correlated with the location of type B vertebral fractures.

Keywords: Magnetic resonance, posterior ligament complex, spine, thoracolumbar trauma, vertebral fracture

INTRODUCTION

Spine lesions are common in trauma patients, and most of these lesions (75–90%) involve the thoracolumbar junction (T10-L2).[ 7 ] Many different classifications of spine fractures are available and are typically based on fracture morphology, neurological status, and integrity of the posterior ligament complex (PLC).[ 6 ]

Fracture morphology is typically divided into three types – compression (type A), distraction (type B), and rotation or dislocation (type C). Subgroups B2 and B3 of type B lesions include ligament damage which makes them highly unstable. When diagnosed early on, unstable lesions may be managed successfully and deformities can be prevented. In some cases, ligament and joint disruption is evident as there is distraction of spinous processes. Hyperintensity on T2-weighted and short tau inversion recovery (STIR) magnetic resonance (MR) images significantly contribute to diagnosing ligamentous rupture.[ 1 6 ]

Weeks after the trauma, however, both edema and inflammation originally present on the MRI may resolve. At this point, delayed evidence of instability may develop, and kyphosis (angle ≥10°), loss of vertebral height (≥50%), translation (X-rays >3.5 mm), and further fixed kyphosis can be found.[ 4 6 ]

Here, we analyzed the appearance of “gaps” in the ligamentum flavum to diagnose fractures that were originally missed.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Clinical files of 10 patients with type B spine fractures between 2013 and 2016 correlating with ligamentum flavum “gap” lesions were identified from 2 centers. There were 7 males and 3 females with an average age of 49.8 years (26–70 years). All the patients had high energy trauma (9 motor vehicle accidents, 1 patient had a fall from 5 m height). The average delay between the traumatic event and the diagnosis of the type B vertebral fractures was 26.4 months (4–108 months) [ Table 1 ].

Table 1

Demographics of patients involved in this revision

The study included an analysis of digital AP standing full spine X-rays, flexion-extension X-rays, X-rays in the prone position, and MRI studies (1.5 T). The Cobb angle was used to measure spinal curvatures using Surgimap^® (version 2.2.9.9.4). Five spine surgeons with experience in trauma were asked to identify “gap” lesions of the LF at levels of vertebral fractures.

RESULTS

All patients following their traumatic events complained of persistent axial pain (8 in the thoracolumbar region and 2 in the cervical region). Notably, this pain improved in the supine position and worsened with either sitting or standing. In 4 cases, kyphosis of the thoracolumbar junction >30° was confirmed, and 1 patient presented a rigid thoracic kyphosis [ Table 1 , Figures 1 and 2 ].

Figure 1

Case report 1. 64-year old male with a history of motor vehicle accident 9 years prior to consultation. This figures shows the sagittal T1 weighted, T2 weighted and STIR MRI images of the thoraco-lumbo-sacral spine. See the regional kyphosis at the level of T7-T8 with wedging of the T7 vertebral body

Figure 2

Zoom focal sagittal image in the area of the lesion, see the discontinuity of the ligamentum flavum or “ligamentum flavum gap” without hyperintense areas in the supraspinous and interspinous ligaments, better seen on STIR

All 10 patients had signs of a “gap” LF injury (discontinuity) that correlated with fracture levels. This was better visualized in sagittal T2-weighted and STIR MRI sequences. A retrospective analysis of the early posttraumatic MR images showed that 5 of the 10 patients had original MRI signs of edema involving the soft tissues, suggestions that original type B vertebral fractures were missed [Figures 3 and 4 ].

Figure 3

Case report 2. 35-year old male with a history of a motor vehicle accident and car crash 6 months prior to the consultation. Permanent cervicalgia with mechanical characteristics. See the ligamentum flavum gap in the sagittal slices, better shown in T2 weight and STIR MRI

Figure 4

Sagittal slices with their corresponding axial slices. See a normal segment in (a) with an arrow pointing the LF, and a segment with absent LF in (b) in the axial slice

The sign of LFG was more evident in the sagittal slices than in the axial slices. In this series, only 4 patients of 10 developed posttraumatic deformities [ Figure 5 ].

Figure 5

Axial views of the T2 weighted MRI images. In both (a and b) a normal level with the ligamentum flavum is observed. (b) blue arrow showing the ligamentum flavum. (c and d) the injured level, and the absence of the ligamentum flavum at that segment pointed by the arrow.

DISCUSSION

Fractures of the spine are common, and 75–90% occur at the level of the thoracolumbar junction.[ 6 ] However, certain spine lesions may go undetected. Historically, many classify spine fractures utilizing general mechanical or morphological criteria, and using the CT scan as a tool for imaging-based diagnosis.[ 1 4 ] However, here, we utilized the MRI and the “gap” sign involving the ruptured LF to identify spinal fractures that were original missed.

In the acute setting of trauma, the diagnosis of a “gap” LF lesion is simpler, as there is typically an increase in the interspinous distance accompanied by facet dislocation, increased periarticular fluid, and/or hyperintensity in the adjacent dorsal muscles in T2-weighted and STIR MRI images.[ 5 ]

After some weeks, however, acute ligament edema and inflammation resolve, and the diagnosis of ligament damage becomes difficult. In the chronic setting, type B lesions are diagnosed indirectly based on the finding of segment kyphosis progression (≥30°) or instability in this location (change of 10° or more when standing in relation to the supine position in the region of the fracture).[ 2 3 ]

Early diagnosis of fractures with ligament rupture might help decrease the rate of posttraumatic deformities, which in general requires more complex surgical management. In this report, we describe an MRI sign of discontinuity of the ligamentum flavum as a direct indicator of PLC damage in the chronic setting.

CONCLUSION

Here, we could establish “late” type B vertebral fractures in 10 patients utilizing a “gap” sign reflecting disruption of the LF.

Financial support and sponsorship

Nil.

Conflicts of interest

There are no conflicts of interest.

References

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