Abstract

Background:Neurotomies were one of the first procedures performed in the field of functional neurosurgery. Microstimulators and microscopes facilitate the performance of neurotomies to treat focal spasticity. This report shows how three different consecutive neurotomies were performed in one patient with chronic left upper/lower extremity spasticity.

Case Description:A 65-year-old male with intractable epilepsy underwent a right temporal lobectomy for seizure control. Postoperatively, he developed left upper/lower extremity spasticity attributed to a postoperative right internal capsule infarct. The severe spasticity persisted despite the administration of conventional drugs, rehabilitation efforts, and botulinic toxin injections. Three sequential selective neurotomies (e.g., spinal, median, and foot common flexor nerves) were next performed. Postoperatively, the neurotomies resulted in significant symptomatic long-term improvement, 6 years after spinal neurotomy, 7 years after median neurotomy, and 9 years after common flexor neurotomy. Spasticity scores diminished from 4 to 0 points on the Ashworth scale and from 4 to 0 points on the Held–Tardieu scale for each muscular region.

Conclusion:Multiple regional neurotomies were effective in the management of left-sided postoperative spasticity in a patient who underwent a temporal lobectomy for seizure control with a resultant postoperative right internal capsule infarct.

Keywords: Flexor common of the foot, hemiplegia, median nerve, neurotomy, spasticity, spinal nerve

INTRODUCTION

Neurotomy is defined as cutting peripheral or cranial nerves. It was originally described by Lorenz in 1897 to treat spastic adductors muscles. Neurotomies were one of the first procedures performed in the field of functional neurosurgery.

Improvement in surgical techniques has led to more neurotomies to treat focal spasticity. Supraselective neurotomies can now be performed as microstimulators can differentiate the motor from the sensitive nerve fibers and help differentiate spastic from healthy muscular tissue.[ 7 ] The addition of the operating microscope further facilitates dissection of the targeted fibers.[ 3 ]

This report shows how three different consecutive neurotomies performed in the same patient were utilized to treat left-sided spasticity (e.g., winged scapula, a flexed hand over the forearm, spastic claw foot) in a patient who underwent a temporal lobectomy for seizure control that resulted in an infarct of the internal capsule.

CASE REPORT

Clinical data

A 65-year-old male with a history of drug-resistant temporal epilepsy for 25 years underwent a right temporal lobectomy. Postoperatively, although the patient was seizure-free (e.g. with the addition of antiepileptic drugs), he developed a left-sided hemiplegia attributed to an infarct of the right internal capsule [documented on computed tomography (CT)]. Within 5 postoperative days, left-sided function began to return, and he was discharged 15 days later without further complications. Nevertheless, he developed a progressive pyramidal syndrome characterized by high-grade spasticity in the left upper and lower extremities that did not respond to anti-spasmodic medications (tizanidine 2 mg/day and baclofen 30 mg/day). He also received botulinic toxin injections at following three sites to treat spasticity: (1) lower extremity, a spastic claw foot with plantar pain; (2) upper extremity, a flexed hand; (3) high grade spastic “winged scapula” [ Figure 1 ]. Electromyography clearly demonstrated elevated amplitudes of the muscle units with hyperexcitability of the motor neurons, consistent with spasticity in the muscle groups involved – left posterior neck, forearm, and foot muscles.

Figure 1

Presurgical and postsurgical evaluation. Clinical improvement after surgery: the upper pictures (a and b) correspond to the clinical presentation of claw fingers. On the left foot, an arrow shows the claw fingers before and after surgery. The lower pictures (c and d) indicate the clinical presentation before and after spinal neurotomy. On the left image, the patient presents an evident winged scapula, and on the right image (4 years after surgery) it shows a normal symmetry of the scapula

Surgery at three sites

Every procedure was indicated after a nerve test block with lidocaine (1%) was considered as positive. The patient ultimately underwent three neurotomies. Aneurotomy of the angle elevator of the scapula muscle was performed [ Figure 2 ]. A longitudinal incision of the spinal nerve was performed; ultimately extracting two-thirds of it with a microscalpel.

Figure 2

(a) Anterior (A) and posterior (B) neck triangles, crossed by an oblique line corresponding to the spinal nerve location. (b) Skin incision at the posterior triangle. Between the trapezoid (T) muscle fascicles, the spinal nerve (SN) at the beginning of the dissection. (c) The trapezoid muscle with the angular elevator of the scapula (AE) muscle. (d) Stimulation of the spinal nerve (arrow). (e, f) Dissection, traction, and cut-off the SN. (f) The arrow marks the scalpel during the neurotomy. (g) Sectioned by cut branches, to be harmonic with the figures abbreviations (CB). (h) At closure, the SN, T, superficial yugular vein (SYV) and platysma muscle (P)

For the median nerve, each branch was exposed [pronator teres, palmar mayor, palmar minor, and the trunk of the muscular flexors (superficial and profound) of the hand [ Figure 3 ]], and the same neurotomy technique was performed.

Figure 3

Neurotomy of left median nerve. Left image (a) shows the longitudinal skin incision over the arm and forearm on the anterior face at the elbow level (observe the sinusoidal shape of the incision). Right image (b) demonstrates the dissection details of the surgery including the Median Nerve (MN) with its different nerve branches: P (pronator teres), Palmaris Mayor (PM), Palmaris minor (Pm), Fingers Flexor Trunk (FFT)

For the claw foot/toes spasticity, a tibial posterior neurotomy through a trans-popliteal incision [ Figure 4a ] was utilized. The tibial trunk and its immediate branches (soleus, posterior tibial, popliteal nerve) were localized in addition to the flexors of the foot. The superficial and profound common nerves were observed [ Figure 4b ].

Figure 4

Left foot fingers flexors nerves. Left image (a) exemplifies the dissection of the tibial posterior nerve trunk (TN) using a trans-popliteal approach (observe the isolation of its different divisions). Right image (b) illustrates the microscopic approach of the flexor branches dissection that are located deeper to the tibial nerve trunk (TN) and the dissection of them (arrows)

All neurotomies were performed on the left side using the same stimulation parameters to differentiate motor from sensitive nerves (5 Hz, 2–3 V with square pulses). The degree of spasticity was monitored intraoperatively, postoperatively, and at the following intervals; 1, 3, 6, 9, and 12 months, and up to 9 years postoperatively depending on the site of the surgery (for the spinal nerve 6 years, for the median nerve 7 years, and for the claw foot/toes 9 years). During this time, the patient's spasticity improved considerably according to the Ashworth and Tardieu scales [ Table 1 ].

Table 1

Clinical evaluation scores. Pre- and postoperative evaluations using the Ashworth and Tardieu scales at different follow-ups

DISCUSSION

The neurotomies performed in this patient were highly effective regarding the treatment of focal spasticity. According to previous literature, tibial posterior neurotomies reduced the varus and equinnus spastic position in approximately 82% of the cases over the long-term.[ 3 7 8 9 ] Median nerve neurotomies are also successful in approximately 60% of the cases.[ 4 5 ] For other neurotomies, similar success has been reported.[ 1 6 ] However, there are no specific data showing improvement for the claw finger foot spasticity.

Previously, Decq et al. reported the successful treatment of five hemiplegic patients with spasticity involving the shoulder and upper limb.[ 2 ] They described a pectoral, teres and median, musculocutaneous, or ulnar nerve neurotomies.

Decq et al. also discussed performing neurotomies on the brachial plexus branches for spasticity of the shoulder in 5 patients, showing 86% improvement.[ 2 ] In our case, however, we operated on cranial N. XI not the brachial plexus.

Two main scales are used to assess spasticity; the Ashworth and Tardieu scales [ Table 1 ].[ 1 8 ] Both scales were used to assess and follow outcomes for the patient undergoing neurotomies in three different areas.

We can conclude that multiple consecutive neurotomies performed at crucially affected areas are a feasible alternative to treat high-grade hemiparesia.

Funding and Disclosure

This work did not receive any specific support from public funding agencies or commercial industries. The authors have no financial interests to disclose related to this article.

Financial support and sponsorship

Nil.

Conflicts of interest

There are no conflicts of interest.

References

1. Carrillo-Ruiz JD, Andrade P, Godinez-Cubillos N, Montes-Castillo ML, Jiménez F, Velasco AL. Coupled obturator neurotomies and lidocaine intrathecal infusion to treat bilateral adductors spasticity and drug-refractory pain. J Neurosurgery. 2010. 113: 528-31

2. Decq P, Filipetti P, Feve A, Djindjian M, Saraoui A, Kéravel Y. Peripheral selective neurotomy of the brachial plexus collateral branches for treatment of the spastic shoulder: Anatomical study and clinical results of five patients. Neurosurgery. 1997. 4: 648-53

3. Decq P, Shin M, Carrillo-Ruiz J. Surgery in the peripheral nerves for lower limb spasticity. Oper Tech Neurosurg. 2004. 7: 136-46

4. Fukamachi K, Taira T, Kawasaki H, Hori T. Selective peripheral neurectomy of the median nerve for poststroke flexion spasticity of the hand. Stereotact Funct Neurosurg. 2000. 74: 223-4

5. Kim SH, Bae JH, Kim OL, Choi BY, Cho SH. Microsurgical selective peripheral neurotomy for focal spasticity. Stereotact Funct Neurosurg. 2000. 74: 224-

6. Maarrawi J, Mertens P, Luaute J, Vial C, Chardonnet N, Cosson M. Long-term functional results of selective peripheral neurotomy for the treatment of spastic upper limb: Prospective study in 31 patients. J Neurosurg. 2006. 104: 215-25

7. Sindou M, Abdennebi B, Sharkey P. Microsurgical selective procedures in peripheral nerves and the potential root spinal cord junction for spasticity. Appl Neurophysiol. 1985. 48: 97-104

8. Sindou M, Mertens P. Selective neurotomy of the tibial nerve for treatment of the spastic foot. Neurosurgery. 1988. 23: 738-44

9. Taira T, Hori T. The role of neurosurgical interventions for control of spasticity in neurorehabilitation: New findings on functional microanatomy of the tibial nerve. Acta Neurochir Suppl. 2003. 87: 103-5