Abstract

Background:The purpose of this study was to analyze sphenoid sinus lateral pneumatization (SSLP), especially in Asian populations, and to identify cautionary items when using the endoscopic endonasal approach (EEA) for parasellar/lateral lesions.

Methods:We analyzed SSLP and the width of SS (SSW) in 121 patients who had undergone EEA from 2008 to 2013 at the Division of Neurosurgery, Keio University Hospital. SSLP was defined as the distance between the SS lateral edge and the medial aspect of the pterygoid process on coronal reconstruction computed tomography. SSW was defined as the distance between the midline and lateral wall. We recorded SSLP and SSW for 242 sides. Further, we present two characteristic cases.

Results:The average SSLP and SSW were 7.0 mm (−10.0–25.8 mm) and 21.8 mm (6.0–40.2 mm), respectively. No correlation between pneumatization and age was observed at age 15 or more. Sphenoid pneumatization was significantly wider in male than in female patients. There was no relationship between lateral and sagittal plane pneumatization. In a patient with recurrent chordoma who had an undeveloped SSLP, the tumor was removed via the medial space in the internal carotid artery. In another patient who had a giant pituitary adenoma and average SSLP, the tumor was located in the middle cranial fossa and was removed via the lateral internal carotid space through the left SSLP.

Conclusions:Wide variations were observed in SSLP and SSW. For EEA, pneumatization is an instrument corridor. Preoperative assessment of SSLP is important, especially for parasellar lesions.

Keywords: Endoscopic endonasal surgery, pneumatization, sphenoid sinus

INTRODUCTION

Consequent to recent developments in endoscopic techniques and instruments, the endoscopic endonasal approach (EEA) has evolved to provide access to lateral cavernous sinus lesions. Due to expanded indications, numerous studies have focused on the endoscopic anatomy of the sphenoid sinus (SS), which is the platform for EEA.[ 1 2 6 7 10 11 13 ] The vidian canal,[ 4 12 ] medial opticocarotid recess, and lateral opticocarotid recess[ 8 ] are important landmarks of the internal carotid artery. However, it is difficult to recognize these structures when the lateral pneumatization of the SS is not developed. SS pneumatization has been classified into three types anteroposteriorly: Conchal, presellar, and sellar.[ 9 ] Regarding lateral pneumatization, classification of the SS lateral recess was reported, which was defined by the foramen rotundum and vidian canal.[ 14 ] However, there are few studies of SS lateral pneumatization (SSLP), especially in Asian populations. The purpose of this study was to analyze SSLP in Asians and reveal cautionary items when using EEA for parasellar and lateral lesions.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Radiological measurements

We collected data from consecutive patients who underwent the EEA between 2008 and 2013 in the Division of Neurosurgery at Keio University Hospital. Patients with pathological legions involving the SSLP were excluded. We assessed the SS in 69 men and 52 women, with an average age of 53 years (15–81 years). Patient characteristics are shown in Table 1 . High-resolution preoperative computed tomography (CT) scans were performed on all these patients.

Table 1

Patient characteristics

SSLP was defined as the distance from the lateral SS to the medial aspect of the pterygoid process, which is the anatomical limitation for the EEA, on coronal reconstruction images. The width of SS (SSW) was defined as the distance between the midline and the lateral aspect of the SS as shown in Figure 1 . In undeveloped lateral pneumatization, SSLP was recorded with negative values. We recorded SSLP and SSW measurements in 121 patients, totaling 242 measured sides. Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS 22.0 software (IBM, Chicago, Illinois, USA). Comparisons between male and female groups were analyzed using the Student's t-test or the Mann–Whitney nonparametric test, as appropriate. A P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Figure 1

Examples are shown of sphenoid sinus lateral pneumatization (SSLP) and the width of sphenoid sinus (SSW) on coronal CT scans. (a) In developed lateral pneumatization, SSLP is reported with positive values. (b) In undeveloped lateral pneumatization, SSLP is reported with negative values

Illustrative case presentation

We reviewed clinical data and radiological assessments of SSLP in 2 patients who underwent the EEA for parasellar and lateral lesions in the Division of Neurosurgery at Keio University Hospital.

RESULTS

Radiological results

SSW averaged 21.7 mm (7.7–36.1 mm) on the right side and 21.9 mm (6.0–40.2 mm) on the left. The average SSW for both sides was 21.8 mm (6.0–40.2 mm) as shown in Table 2 . The average SSLP was 7.0 mm (−10.0–20.2 mm) on the right side and 7.1 mm on the left (−8.6–25.8 mm). The average SSLP for all 242 sides was 7.0 mm (−10.0–25.8 mm). Wide variations of SSLP and SSW were observed as shown in Figure 2 . No correlation of pneumatization with patient age was observed. SS pneumatization was significantly wider in males than females [ Table 3 ]. There was no relationship between lateral pneumatization and pneumatization in the sagittal plane, such as sellar, presellar, or conchal type.

Table 2

SS pneumatization

Figure 2

Scatter plots of sphenoid sinus lateral pneumatization (SSLP). (a) and the width of sphenoid sinus (SSW). (b) Wide variations of SSLP are observed. There is no apparent correlation between SSLP or SSW and patient age. SSLP and SSW in males tend to be greater than in females

Table 3

Comparison with previous literature

Case presentation

Characteristic cases are shown in Figures 3 and 4 .

Figure 3

Case 1: A case of recurrent chordoma. (a) Preoperative coronal contrast enhanced MRI revealing a right parasellar tumor. (b) Preoperative coronal CT scan showing the left SSLP is 3.7 mm and the right SSLP is 0.0 mm. (c) Preoperative axial contrast enhanced MRI showing the tumor is located behind the right IC. The arrow shows the approach via the space medial to the IC. (d) Intraoperative view showing the sella turcica and left carotid prominence after removal of the anterior wall of the SS during endoscopic endonasal surgery. The right carotid prominence was unclear. (e) Intraoperative view showing the right IC and removal of tumor behind the artery. CT, computed tomography; IC, internal carotid artery; Lt, left; MRI, magnetic resonance imaging; Rt, right; SSW, the width of sphenoid sinus; SSLP, sphenoid sinus lateral pneumatization

Figure 4

Case 2: A case of giant pituitary adenoma. (a) Preoperative oblique-coronal contrast enhanced CT showing a giant pituitary adenoma that encases the bilateral internal carotid arteries (ICs). The arrow shows the approach to the middle fossa via left SSLP. (b) Preoperative coronal CT scan showing the right SSLP is 1.6 mm and the left is 6.2 mm. (c) Intraoperative view showing the left middle fossa tumor through the space lateral to the left IC. CT, computed tomography; IC, internal carotid artery; Lt, left; MT, middle turbinate; MRI, magnetic resonance imaging; NS, nasal septum; SPF, sphenopalatine foramen; SS, the width of sphenoid sinus; SSLP, sphenoid sinus lateral pneumatization.

Case 1

A 43-year-old male was presented with double vision. Contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed a right parasellar tumor located behind the right internal carotid artery [Figure 3a and c ]. Although a sellar-type SS pneumatization was seen, the right SSLP was undeveloped [ Figure 3b ]. By preoperative CT and MRI evaluation, we considered the tumor approachable via the space medial to the internal carotid artery [ Figure 3c , arrow]. Gross total removal of the tumor was achieved using the EEA, but it was difficult to handle instruments due to the undeveloped SSLP and required a long operation time. After the operation, his double vision was improved.

Case 2

A 77-year-old female with almost complete left eye blindness noticed worsening right eye hemianopia. Contrast-enhanced MRI showed a giant pituitary adenoma extending to the left middle fossa beyond the internal carotid artery [ Figure 4a ]. Although the right SSLP was undeveloped, the left SSLP was average sized [ Figure 4b ]. We assessed preoperative axial CT images and considered using the space lateral to the left internal carotid artery for the EEA through the SSLP to reach the tumor [ Figure 4a , arrow]. Optic nerve decompression was achieved by partial tumor removal using the transsphenoidal and transmaxillary transpterygoid approach. Her right eye hemianopia and left vision acuity recovered after the operation.

DISCUSSION

We measured SSW and SSLP in 121 patients, totaling 242 sides. There were wide variations in SSLP and SSW. No relationship was observed between the lateral and sagittal plane pneumatization or patient age.

Table 3 summarizes SS pneumatization measurements from this and previous reports. There are a few reports of SSLP measurements in Asian people. Wang et al. defined the SS lateral recess by the foramen rotundum and vidian canal[ 14 ] and analyzed SS pneumatization in head CT images of 100 patients. The space lateral to the vidian canal was 7.8 mm on average and SSW was 22.3 mm on average. The vidian canal is located slightly medial to the medial pterygoid plate in nearly 90% of people;[ 7 ] therefore, it is difficult to compare their results with SSLP findings of the present study. SSW measured by Wang et al.[ 14 ] was larger than that in the present study and previous reports.[ 5 6 7 8 9 10 ] Furthermore, Tomovic et al. reported lateral pneumatization in 84.6% African American, 58.2% Hispanic, 80.8% Caucasian, and 66.7% Asian patients.[ 5 ] Although Wang et al. did not report race demographics, SSW and SSLP may be smaller in Asians than in Euro-Americans.

SSLP did not develop in Case 1. In this case, we could remove the tumor, but it was very difficult because of a limited operation field. In Case 2, we could find the space lateral to the internal carotid artery through SSLP, and optic nerve decompression was successfully achieved.

In endoscopic endonasal surgery, working space is very important, even if the field of view can be secured. SSLP is an important corridor to reach the lateral lesions of the cavernous sinus. If SSLP is not developed, we have to drill bone around the internal carotid artery to approach lateral lesions of the cavernous sinus, which is not an easy endoscopic operation field. Therefore, the preoperative assessment of SS pneumatization is important in choosing an approach for operations of parasellar and lateral lesions.

CONCLUSIONS

Wide variations of SSLP were observed. SSLP and SSW in Asians are possibly smaller than in Euro-Americans. In endoscopic endonasal surgery, SS pneumatization is an important instrument corridor. With undeveloped SSLP, it is difficult to reach lateral lesions of the internal carotid artery and the operation field is restricted. Therefore, preoperative assessment of SSLP is important for using the EEA, especially for parasellar and lateral lesions.

Financial support and sponsorship

Nil.

Conflicts of interest

There are no conflicts of interest.

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