Abstract

Background:Atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumor (AT/RT) is a rare central nervous system tumor composed of primitive rhabdoid cells that may differentiate along neuroectodermal, mesenchymal and epithelial lineages. AT/RT in adults is rare but not completely exceptional. It generally arises from the posterior fossa of infants, but the broad majority of the reported AT/RT in adults manifested supratentorially with the exception of four cases that arose in the cerebellum and two that arose in the spinal cord.

Case Description:A 44-year-old female complained of visual disturbance. We performed craniotomies twice and removed partially for each time, but any malignant cells were not found in the specimens. Finally, we determined histological diagnosis from the extended lesion. She died of respiratory failure 17 months after the initial treatment.

Conclusion:AT/RT should be considered in the differential diagnosis of a sellar lesion in adult patients. However AT/RT is rare in adults, the appropriate immunohistochemical evaluation should be performed to diagnose this rare entity.

Keywords: Adult, atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumor, sellar turcica

INTRODUCTION

Atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumor (AT/RT) is predominantly a childhood tumor and has only been rarely reported in adults.

The exact incidence of AT/RT is unknown. It occurs predominantly in infants less than 3 years of age.[ 28 32 ] It is believed that AT/RT accounts for 1-2% of pediatric brain tumors and over 10% of central nervous system (CNS) tumors in infants, with a male preponderance up to the age of 3, which then seems disappear.[ 32 38 ] Adult cases are rare and, as far as we are aware, only 42 cases have been reported to date [ Table 1 ].[ 2 3 4 5 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 21 23 24 25 26 27 29 30 31 33 34 35 36 37 39 41 ] Furthermore, there are only seven adult cases arising in the sellar turcica described in the literature.[ 2 24 25 30 34 ]

Table 1

Adult patients with atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumor in the central nervous system

Here we present a case of a 44-year-old female with a AT/RT in sellar turcica who complained of visual disturbance. We performed craniotomies twice and removed partially for each time, but any malignant cells were not found in the specimens. Finally, we determined histological diagnosis from the extended lesion. It is the first case that AT/RT was diagnosed from the extended lesion and we detailed our case with a thorough literature review.

CASE REPORT

A previously healthy 44-year-old female presented with a 2-month history of visual disturbance. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed a heterogeneously enhancing mass within suprasellar and intrasellar lesions [ Figure 1 ]. She underwent a partial resection, mainly caudal part of the tumor, via translabial transsphenoidal approach [ Figure 2 ]. As the pathological examination could not find any malignant cells, histological diagnosis from this operation was lymphocytic hypophisitis.

Figure 1

T1-weighted MRI coronal (a) and sagittal (b) images clearly show inhomogeneously gadolinium enhancing mass in sellar turcica extending into suprasellar lesion

Figure 2

T1-weighted MR coronal (a) and sagittal (b) images show a partial removal of the tumor after the first operation via translabial transsphenoidal approach

Steroid pulse therapy was performed, but 2 months after the first operation, bilateral abducens paralysis was noticed. The second partial resection was performed, mainly ventral and rostral part of the tumor, via a basal interhemispheric approach [ Figure 3 ], and malignant cells were not found from the surgical specimen [ Figure 4 ]. Despite the aggressive therapies with immunosuppressant and radiotherapy for the lesion, she lost her vision in the left eye within a few months. MRI demonstrated the expansion of the lesion to the left cavernous sinus, the left orbital fossa and the left forehead with no regrowth in the sellar region [ Figure 5 ]. Furthermore, intracranial dissemination and distant metastasis were found in the right cerebellar hemisphere, vermis, spinal cord, and lung [ Figure 6 ]. Biopsies were performed at the left orbital fossa and the left forehead and histological diagnosis was AT/RT. Three drug chemotherapies were performed at 3-week intervals for a total of five cycles. Each cycle consisted of ifosfamide, cisplatin, and etoposide administered on days 1-5. Radiotherapy was given. She died of respiratory failure 17 months after the initial treatment.

Figure 3

T1-weighted MR coronal (a) and sagittal (b) images show a partial removal of the tumor after the second operation via a basal interhemispheric approach

Figure 4

Photomicrographs of tumor specimens obtained in the patient from the first operation. There was no malignant cells. H and E. Original magnification ×100 (a) and ×400 (b)

Figure 5

T1-weighted MR coronal (a) and sagittal (b) images show an aggressive extension to the left cavernous sinus, the left orbital fossa and the left forehead with no regrowth in the sellar region

Figure 6

T1-weighted MR images (a-c) and contrast computed tomography image (d) show intracranial dissemination (arrow head) and distant metastasis in the lung (arrow head)

Histopathological findings

The tumor was composed of polygonal cells with a relatively high nuclear/cytoplasm ratio and the rhabdoid cells had medium, round, single or double nuclei, and eosinophilic cytoplasmic inclusions. The tumor cells showed strong immunoreactivity for O-6 methylguanine DNA methyltransferase (MGMT), Nestin and S100 protein, and focal positivity for epithelial membrane antigen (EMA) and Glypican-3. Desmin, oligodendrocyte transcription factor 2 (oligo2), placentral alkaline phosphatase, myogenin and p63 were negative. Proliferative activity is high, and Ki-67/MIB-1 labeling index was more than 90%. Since the tumor cells lacked nuclear expression of INI1, the tumor was pathologically diagnosed as AT/RT [ Figure 7 ].

Figure 7

Histologically, the tumor tissue is mainly composed of hyperchromatic small cells with a relatively high nuclear/cytoplasm ratio and rhabdoid cells (H and E. Original magnification ×100 (a) and ×400 (b)). In immunohistochemical studies, Nestin (c), S-100 (d) and Vimentin (e) were positive and EMA (f) was focally positive. The proliferation index measured by Ki-67 was 85% in the areas of highest mitotic activity (g) and the tumor cells lack nuclear staining for the INI1 protein (h). Pathological findings were consistent with those of atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumor

DISCUSSION

In 1978, Beckwith and Palmer first documented the rhabdoid tumor, which occurred in the kidney, with the variant of the Wilm's tumor found in the kidneys of children.[ 6 ] Rorke et al. first recognized this tumor in the CNSs under the term AT/RT to emphasize the variable combination of rhabdoid cells, epithelial cells, primitive neuroectodermal as well as mesenchymal components. Since they defined the clinical and pathological features of AT/RT in 1996, based on data from 52 infants and children, this unique neoplasm has been widely recognized and currently constitutes one of three major embryonal tumor entities according to the 2007 World Health Organization classification of CNS tumors.[ 32 ]

It is more frequently seen in infants and young children and is rare in adults.[ 28 32 38 ] Forty-one cases of adults with AT/RT have been published to date [ Table 1 ]. The mean age of patients at diagnosis was 32.1 years, with a range of 18-61 years, and there were 21 males and 20 females. Thirty-four cases were supratentorial in location with 7 cases in the sellar region and 3 cases in the pineal region, 4 cases were infratentorial, and 3 cases were spinal cord. Clinical data and clinicopathological features of all adult cases and our case are summarized in Table 1 . Occurrence of AT/RT in the sellar region is rare and all seven adult patients with sellar AT/RT were female, with ages from 20 to 61 years. In contrast, the sellar region has never been reported to give rise to AT/RT in pediatric patients.

In immunohistochemical studies, rhabdoid cells are usually positive for vimentin, epithelical membrane antigen, cytokeratin, and smooth muscle actin. Markers for germ-cell tumors such as alpha-fetoprotein and placental alkaline phosphatase are consistently negative. Loss of expression of INI-1 correlates with mutation of the INI1 tumor suppressor gene (the hSNF5/INI1 gene), which maps to the 22q11.2 locus and is a sensitive and specific marker.[ 1 7 22 37 40 ] Immunohistochemical study using antibody against the INI1 gene product or FISH to identify loss of the INI1 locus is the current routine workup for diagnostic confirmation of AT/RT.[ 8 19 20 32 ] In our case, EMA was positive, and INI1 and desmin were negative. Pathological findings were consistent with those of AT/RT.

AT/RT is characterized by an aggressive clinical behavior in most pediatric patients, who usually die within approximately one year after the diagnosis despite aggressive therapy, while adult patients are reportedly better with some longer-term survivors.[ 36 ] A recent report suggest that cerebral location of an AT/RT renders the tumor amenable to gross total resection as well as aggressive adjuvant chemoradiation therapy available in adults, which would not be tolerated by small children.[ 35 ] Therefore, immunohistochemical verification of this entity is very important for a proper treatment and better prognosis and AT/RT must be considered in the diagnosis of a high-grade tumor regardless of age.

In this case, we could not find any malignant cell in surgical specimens taken at two operations. The histological diagnosis was finally made from the extended site. Although there is a discrepancy between histologies, but it is natural that the lesions of left cavernous sinus, left orbital fossa and left forehead were consistently extended from the sellar turcica. This inference is confirmed by the fact that AT/RT show a greater tendency to disseminate intracranially and metastasize extracranially.[ 28 ] Partial resection might make it possible to extend and metastasize. Takahashi et al. reported a case that the histological findings had changed during 9 years.[ 36 ] However, it has never been reported that AT/RT was diagnosed from the extended lesion.

CONCLUSION

Although extremely rare and usually fatal, AT/RT should be considered in the differential diagnosis of an unclear malignant sellar lesion in adult patients. It is important to perform a total resection of such tumors followed by chemotherapy and radiation therapy to afford patients a better prognosis. However AT/RT is rare in adults, the appropriate immunohistochemical evaluation should be performed to diagnose this rare entity.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

The authors kindly thank Dr. Haga Yoshinori and Dr. Sachiko Minamiguchi (Kyoto University) for their excellent comments regarding the pathological diagnosis.

References

1. Allen JC, Judkins AR, Rosenblum MK, Biegel JA. Atypical teratoid/thabcoid tumor evolving from an optic pathway ganglioglioma: Case study. Neuro Oncol. 2006. 8: 79-82

2. Arita K, Sugiyama K, Sano T, Oka H. Atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumour in sella turcica in an adult. Acta Neurochir (Wien). 2008. 150: 491-6

3. Arrazola J, Pedrosa I, Mendez R, Saldana C, Scheithauer BW, Martinez A. Primary malignant rhabdoid tumour of the brain in an adult. Neuroradiology. 2000. 42: 363-7

4. Ashraf R, Bentley RC, Awan AN, McLendon RE, Ragozzino MW. Implantation metastasis of primary malignant rhabdoid tumor of the brain in an adult (one case report). Med Pediatr Oncol. 1997. 28: 223-7

5. Balaton AJ, Vaury P, Videgrain M. Paravertebral malignant rhabdoid tumor in an adult. A case report with immunocytochemical study. Pathol Res Pract. 1987. 182: 713-8

6. Beckwith JB, Palmer NF. Histopathology and prognosis of Wilms tumors: Results from the First National Wilms’ Tumor Study. Cancer. 1978. 41: 1937-48

7. Biegel JA. Cytogenetics and molecular genetics of childhood brain tumors. Neuro Oncol. 1999. 1: 139-51

8. Biegel JA, Zhou JY, Rorke LB, Stenstrom C, Wainwright LM, Fogelgren B. Germ-line and acquired mutations of INI1 in atypical teratoid and rhabdoid tumors. Cancer Res. 1999. 59: 74-9

9. Bruch LA, Hill DA, Cai DX, Levy BK, Dehner LP, Perry A. A role for fluorescence in situ hybridization detection of chromosome 22q dosage in distinguishing atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumors from medulloblastoma/central primitive neuroectodermal tumors. Hum Pathol. 2001. 32: 156-62

10. Byram D. Regarding Weiss et al.: IJROBP 41:103-109, 1998. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1999. 45: 247-

11. Chacko G, Chacko AG, Dunham CP, Judkins AR, Biegel JA, Perry A. Atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumor arising in the setting of a pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma. J Neurooncol. 2007. 84: 217-22

12. Chen YW, Wong TT, Ho DM, Huang PI, Chang KP, Shiau CY. Impact of radiotherapy for pediatric CNS atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumor (single institute experience). Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2006. 64: 1038-43

13. Cossu A, Massarelli G, Manetto V, Viale G, Tanda F, Bosincu L. Rhabdoid tumours of the central nervous system. Report of three cases with immunocytochemical and ultrastructural findings. Virchows Arch A Pathol Anat Histopathol. 1993. 422: 81-5

14. Erickson ML, Johnson R, Bannykh SI, de Lotbiniere A, Kim JH. Malignant rhabdoid tumor in a pregnant adult female: Literature review of central nervous system rhabdoid tumors. J Neurooncol. 2005. 74: 311-9

15. Fisher BJ, Siddiqui J, Macdonald D, Cairney AE, Ramsey D, Munoz D. Malignant rhabdoid tumor of brain: An aggressive clinical entity. Can J Neurol Sci. 1996. 23: 257-63

16. Han L, Qiu Y, Xie C, Zhang J, Lv X, Xiong W. Atypical Teratoid/Rhabdoid Tumors in Adult Patients: CT and MR Imaging Features. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2011. 32: 103-8

17. Horn M, Schlote W, Lerch KD, Steudel WI, Harms D, Thomas E. Malignant rhabdoid tumor: Primary intracranial manifestation in an adult. Acta Neuropathol. 1992. 83: 445-8

18. Ingold B, Moschopulos M, Hutter G, Seeger H, Rothlisberger B, Landolt H. Abdominal seeding of an atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumor of the pineal gland along a ventriculoperitoneal shunt catheter. Acta Neuropathol. 2006. 111: 56-9

19. Judkins AR. Immunohistochemistry of INI1 expression: A new tool for old challenges in CNS and soft tissue pathology. Adv Anat Pathol. 2007. 14: 335-9

20. Judkins AR, Eberhart CG, Wasseling P, Louis DN, Ohgaki H, Wiestler OD, Cavenee WK.editors. Atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumor. World Health Organization Classification of Tumours of the Central Nervous System. Lyon: IARC Press; 2007. p. 147-9

21. Kachhara R, Retnam TM, Kumar S, Nair S, Bhattacharya RN, Krishnamoorthy T. Rhabdoid tumor of the thalamus. Neurol India. 2003. 51: 273-4

22. Kalpana GV, Marmon S, Wang W, Crabtree GR, Goff SP. Binding and stimulation of HIV-1 integrase by a human homolog of yeast transcription factor SNF5. Science. 1994. 266: 2002-6

23. Kawaguchi T, Kumabe T, Watanabe M, Tominaga T. Atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumour with leptomeningeal dissemination in an adult. Acta Neurochir (Wien). 2004. 146: 1033-8

24. Kuge A, Kayama T, Tsuchiya D, Kawakami K, Saito S, Nakazato Y. Suprasellar primary malignant rhabdoid tumor in an adult: A case report. No Shinkei Geka. 2000. 28: 351-8

25. Las Heras F, Pritzker KP. Adult variant of atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumor: Immunohistochemical and ultrastructural confirmation of a rare tumor in the sellar tursica. Pathol Res Pract. 2010. 206: 788-91

26. Lutterbach J, Liegibel J, Koch D, Madlinger A, Frommhold H, Pagenstecher A. Atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumors in adult patients: Case report and review of the literature. J Neurooncol. 2001. 52: 49-56

27. Makuria AT, Rushing EJ, McGrail KM, Hartmann DP, Azumi N, Ozdemirli M. Atypical teratoid rhabdoid tumor (AT/RT) in adults: Review of four cases. J Neurooncol. 2008. 88: 321-30

28. Packer RJ, Biegel JA, Blaney S. Atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumor of the central nervous system: report on workshop. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol. 2002. 24: 337-42

29. Pimentel J, Silva R, Pimentel T. Primary malignant rhabdoid tumors of the central nervous system: Considerations about two cases of adulthood presentation. J Neurooncol. 2003. 61: 121-6

30. Raisanen J, Biegel JA, Hatanpaa KJ, Judkins A, White CL, Perry A. Chromosome 22q deletions in atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumors in adults. Brain Pathol. 2005. 15: 23-8

31. Rezanko T, Tunakan M, Kahraman A, Sucu HK, Gelal F, Akkol I. Primary rhabdoid tumor of the brain in an adult. Neuropathology. 2006. 26: 57-61

32. Rorke LB, Packer RJ, Biegel JA. Central nervous system atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumors of infancy and childhood: definition of an entity. J Neurosurg. 1996. 85: 56-65

33. Samaras V, Stamatelli A, Samaras E, Stergiou I, Konstantopoulou P, Varsos V. Atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumor of the central nervous system in an 18-year-old patient. Clin Neuropathol. 2009. 28: 1-10

34. Schneiderhan TM, Beseoglu K, Bergmann M, Neubauer U, Macht S, Hänggi D. Sellar atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumours in adults. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol. 2011. 37: 326-9

35. Shonka NA, Armstrong TS, Prabhu SS, Childress A, Choi S, Langford LA. Atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumors in adults: A case report and treatment-focused review. J Clin Med Res. 2011. 3: 85-92

36. Takahashi K, Nishihara H, Katoh M, Yoshinaga T, Mahabir R, Kanno H. Case of atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumor in an adult, with long survival. Brain Tumor Pathol. 2011. 28: 71-6

37. Takei H, Adesina AM, Mehta V, Powell SZ, Langford LA. Atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumor of the pineal region in an adult. J Neurosurg. 2010. 113: 374-9

38. Tekautz TM, Fuller CE, Blaney S, Fouladi M, Broniscer A, Merchant TE. Atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumors (ATRT): Improved survival in children 3 years of age and older with radiation therapy and high-dose alkylator-based chemotherapy. J Clin Oncol. 2005. 23: 1491-9

39. Umredkar A, Bal A, Vashista RK. Atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumour of the central nervous system in adult: Case report. Br J Neurosurg. 2010. 24: 699-704

40. Versteege I, Sevenet N, Lange J, Rousseau-Merck MF, Ambros P, Handgretinger R. Truncating mutations of hSNF5/INI1 in aggressive paediatric cancer. Nature. 1998. 394: 203-6

41. Zarovnaya EL, Pallatroni HF, Hug EB, Ball PA, Cromwell LD, Pipas JM. Atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumor of the spine in an adult: Case report and review of the literature. J Neurooncol. 2007. 84: 49-55