Abstract

Background: Juvenile xanthogranuloma (JXG) is a proliferative disorder of non-Langerhans histiocytes. The lesions typically occur in children as solitary cutaneous lesions, but are only rarely found in adults in their late twenties to thirties. Approximately 5–10% of JXG are extracutaneous in location, with spinal JXG being only rarely encountered. Here, we described a 28-year-old male with an extradural spinal JXG resulting in severe C6– T1 spinal cord compression and a progressive quadriparesis that warranted a decompressive laminectomy/C6–T2 fusion.

Case Description: A 28-year-old male presented with a progressive quadriparesis of 12 months’ duration that rapidly worsened over the last 3 months. When the MRI revealed severe cord epidural C6–T1 cord compression, the patient successfully underwent a C6–T1 laminectomy for gross total tumor excision followed by a C6–T2 instrumented fusion. The histopathology confirmed the diagnosis of a spinal JXG.

Conclusion: Spinal JXGs in adults are only rarely encountered and should be treated with gross total tumor excision with/without fusion to achieve the best long-term outcomes.

Keywords: Extradural tumor, Gross total removal, Juvenile xanthogranuloma, Laminectomy, Spinal tumor

INTRODUCTION

Juvenile Xanthogranuloma (JXG) is a proliferative disorder of non-Langerhans histiocytes that typically occur in children under the age of one. Often they are solitary cutaneous lesions that spontaneously resorb.[ 3 , 4 ] JXG rarely occurs in adults in their late 20s–30s.[ 3 , 4 ] Notably, approximately 5–10% of JXGs are extracutaneous in location, with spinal JXGs being extremely rare. These lesions may produce neurological deficits reflecting their anatomic spinal locations.[ 13 ] Here, a 28-year-old male presented with the 1-year onset of a progressive quadriparesis with 3 months’ of precipitous worsening attributed to a C6–T1 JXG that was successfully managed with a decompressive laminectomy for gross total surgical resection and C6–T2 fusion.

CASE PRESENTATION

A 28-year-old male presented with neck pain and tingling in both hands for 1 year followed by 3 months of progressive quadriparesis (i.e., 4/5 upper, 1/5 weakness lower extremities, hypoesthesia below C7, and bilateral lower extremity clonus). The MR showed a posterior, extradural, and isointense soft-tissue mass, measuring 1.0 × 0.7 × 3.0 cm extending from C6 to T1 resulting in severe cord compression that did not enhance with contrast [ Figures 1 and 2 ]. He underwent a C6–T1 laminectomy for gross total tumor removal followed by an instrumented C6–T2 fusion [ Figures 3 and 4 ]. At surgery, the lesion’s capsule was 0.75 cm thick, was adherent to the dura, and wrapped around the cord. Using the operating microscope, the capsule of the tumor was carefully dissected away from the outer layer of the dura, facilitating gross total tumor excision.

Figure 1:

Cervicothoracic MRI. (a) Sagittal T1 and (b) sagittal T2-weighted image show isointense extradural mass (yellow arrow) in spinal canal lying from C6 until T1 levels. (c) Axial T2-weighted image shows severe compression of the cord due to posterior extradural mass (yellow arrow).

Figure 2:

Cervicothoracic MRI with contrast. (a) Sagittal T1 MRI show posterior mass (yellow arrow) and (b) axial T1 MRI show an extradural mass (yellow arrow) that was not significantly enhanced after injection of contrast agent.

Figure 3:

Intraoperative finding showed extradural tumor with well demarcated border (white arrow heads) that was very adherent to duramater. After resection of the mass, it showed white and intact duramater (green arrow).

Figure 4:

Instrumentation was implanted from C6 to T2 level.

Histopathology examination

The pathology was consistent with the diagnosis of a Xanthogranuloma. The gross examination revealed brownish-white, soft-tissue fragments (i.e., largest measurements of 2.6 × 1.9 × 0.6 cm), while the microscopic showed fibrous connective tissue with extravasation of erythrocytes, xanthoma cells, lymphocytes, histiocytes, and Touton giant cells [ Figure 5 ].

Figure 5:

Histopathology revealed Touton giant cells (a) (b) (c) (black arrows) on a background of lymphocytes and histiocytes, corresponds to Xanthogranuloma.

Postoperative course

On postoperative day 2, the patient’s lower extremity strength normalized while the sensation improved. He was discharged a few days later, was fully neurologically intact within 2 postoperative months, and continues to be followed with repeat MRI studies (i.e., every 6–12 months) that have remained negative for tumor recurrence.

DISCUSSION

Frequency

We combined our case with the 12 other cases of spinal JXG found in the literature [ Table 1 ]. These 13 cases of JXG included six males[ 5 , 9 , 10 , 12 , 13 ] and seven females[ 1 , 2 , 6 - 8 , 11 , 15 ], typically in their late 20s to 30s [ Table 2 ].[ 3 ] Most were located in the cervical spine, with only our patient having a spinal tumor at the cervicothoracic junction [ Table 2 ]. JXG lesions occurred intradural extramedullary, intradural intramedullary, extradural, within vertebral bodies, involving nerve roots, or a combination of these features [ Table 1 ].[ 9 ] As these lesions were slow-growing, symptoms/signs were usually gradual in onset (Range 8 days to 1 year; average 4.1 months: D 3.6), with resultant neurological deficits reflecting tumor locations [ Table 2 ].

Table 1:

Summary of the published spinal juvenile xanthogranuloma in adult patients.

Table 2:

Cases characteristic demography.

Etiology of JXG

JXG is a histiocytic disorder of unknown etiology that belongs to the non-Langerhans dendritic cell disorders.[ 4 ] They are most commonly found in the early childhood with >15–20% of patients having lesions at birth; 75% of cases occur during the 1^st year of life, with up to 81% demonstrate solitary cutaneous lesions that spontaneously regress.[ 4 ] About 5–10% of JXG are extracutaneous in location (i.e., eyes, lungs, heart, testis, oral mucosa, and central nervous system), with spinal JXGs being extremely rare.[ 3 ]

Treatment option

Although gross total excision is the treatment of choice to attain cures for JXG, treatment options may be limited restricted by their location and/or adherence to surrounding critical structures.[ 14 ] If gross total resection of JXG is not feasible, despite no clear treatment protocols, adjuvant radiotherapy may be utilized.[ 1 , 2 ] In this review, three out of 13 patients (23%) undergoing just partial tumor resection required additional surgery (One patient), additional radiotherapy (i.e., with gradual improvement over 8 months), and one who refused radiotherapy controlled their residual back pain with oral medications.

CONCLUSION

Spinal JXG in adults are extremely rate and should ideally be treated with gross total tumor excision to achieve the best long-term results.

Declaration of patient consent

The authors certify that they have obtained all appropriate patient consent.

Financial support and sponsorship

Nil.

Conflicts of interest

There are no conflicts of interest.

Disclaimer

The views and opinions expressed in this article are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the official policy or position of the Journal or its management. The information contained in this article should not be considered to be medical advice; patients should consult their own physicians for advice as to their specific medical needs.

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