Abstract

Background: The aim of this cross-sectional study was to evaluate the relationship between anxiety levels and severity of trigeminal neuralgia (TN) disorder’s chronic orofacial pain during 2019–2020 in Shiraz Dental Faculty.

Methods: In this study, patients with TN disorder who were referred to the Oral Medicine Department of Shiraz Dental Faculty were evaluated. Individuals were selected based on convenience sampling. Finally, 47 patients with TN were recruited in this study. Satisfaction with treatment was recorded based on controlling the patient’s pain, age, sex, and frequency of recurrence, and data were analyzed using SPSS18. The Chi-square test was used to compare the final results. A reliability of more than 95% was considered significant (P

Results: According to the results, the mean ages of participants with TN and control groups were 56.89 ± 10.93 and 37.12 ± 9.55, respectively. The mean value of participants’ age was significantly different between the two evaluated groups (P P P > 0.05). The mean level of anxiety of men and women in TN group was significantly higher than the healthy control women (P = 0.001). The mean levels of anxiety between different age ranges in patients with TN and healthy controls were not different in both evaluated groups (P > 0.05). Patients with TN in different age ranges had higher level of anxiety than healthy controls (P

Conclusion: Patients with TN had significantly higher level of anxiety than healthy participants.

Keywords: Anxiety, Stress, Trigeminal neuralgia

INTRODUCTION

Trigeminal neuralgia (TN) is a common neuralgia with paroxysmal, shock-like pain. The pain is located in distributions of different branches of the fifth cranial nerve. Short-period attacks are followed by painless periods between pain attacks.[ 14 ] The definite cause of TN is unknown, although space-occupying masses including pontine angle tumors, vascular malformations, and inflammation may be responsible for 10% of TN cases.[ 19 ] The pain is evoked spontaneously or by trivial stimulation such as shaving, washing, and talking.[ 26 , 31 ] Since the attacks are severe and may be intolerable, they may stimulate TN noticeably, as well as the body.[ 26 ] Any threat may activate anxiety as a warning system which prepares the mind and body for expressing suitable reactions. Anxiety and stress could be considered as TN stimulator, which is under evaluation by psychoimmunologic studies.[ 42 ] TN can mimic dental pain and may lead to unnecessary dental treatments; so, it is usual for dentists, especially for oral and maxillofacial medicine specialists to differentiate dental pain and TN.[ 2 ] The first step of pharmaceutical treatment of patients with TN in the aspect of oral and maxillofacial medicine specialists is anticonvulsants such as carbamazepine, oxcarbazepine, gabapentin, and so on. Other non-pharmacologic treatments, including laser, acupuncture, cryotherapy, sclerotherapy, and finally surgery such as nerve block, microvascular decompression, and Gamma Knife are considered in the next step if pharmacologic treatments could not control patients’ pain.[ 36 ] In Iran, neurosurgeons participate in surgical treatments while neurologists treat patients with TN besides oral and maxillofacial medicine specialists. Patients with dental symptoms are referred to dentists for distinguishing the pain origin. These patients will be treated in dental service. On the other hand, neurologists are another active referral center.

Daroff et al. introduced stress as a defensive response against stimulations and if these stimulations excess the body’s adaptive mechanism, disabling diseases and even death may occur. Anxiety and stress can activate the central mechanism, the adrenal cortex hypothalamus axis. The autonomic nervous system controls chronic, severe, and uncontrolled anxiety which can lead to some diseases.[ 8 ]

The relationship between neuroendocrine (hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis) and inflammatory immune system has been revealed.[ 8 ]

The patients with temporomandibular disease and pain had higher cortisol serum level.[ 10 , 40 ] Furthermore, Yoshihara et al. reported higher serum levels of cortisol, adrenaline, and noradrenaline in patients suffering from myofascial pain.[ 38 ]

The prevalence of migraine in patients with panic disorders was more significant. In addition, anxiety disorders were more prevalent in patients with migraine.[ 38 ] Other studies reported that these patients have been affected by depression and anxiety disorders more prevalently.[ 15 ]

Due to the inevitable role of stress and anxiety in our lives and their known effects on inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis and lupus erythematous,[ 6 , 20 ] in this research, we aimed to assess the anxiety level in patients with TN.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

This cross-sectional study has been performed on 47 patients with TN during 2019–2020. The patients had been referred to the Oral and Maxillofacial Department of Shiraz Dental Faculty.

After confirmation of their problem by a specialist, and signing the written consent form, the anxiety level has been assessed by the Hamilton questionnaire.

Patients with psychiatric disorders such as depression, and bipolar disorders, and patients under treatment for such diseases and anxiety disorders have been excluded from the study. Participants who had consumed any medication with a potency of affecting anxiety were excluded too.

Participants of TN group were selected by convenience sampling. Finally, 47 patients with TN were recruited in this study. On the other hand, 40 healthy persons with no emotional criteria were enrolled as central group. Considering TN patients, the status of their pain and demographic data has been registered from their files.

The Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale is a popular questionnaire for measuring anxiety symptoms and Kar severity.[ 17 ] The Persian version of the Hamilton has been used in our study, and the data have been analyzed by SPSS version 18. Its distribution was normal according to Kolmogorov–Smirnov (KS) test. Furthermore, an independent t-test has been used for comparing the mean value of anxiety between two evaluated groups and between men and women. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Fishers test have also been used for evaluating the anxiety level between different age ranges of participants.

This questionnaire has been used widely. It is a clinician-based self-secured survey. This questionnaire has 14 items including both psychological and somatic symptoms following: anxious mood, tension, fear, insomnia, intestinal, depressed mood, somatic (muscular), somatic (sensory), cardiovascular symptoms, respiratory, gastrointestinal, genitourinary and autonomic symptoms, and behavior at interview.

The final score is calculated from 56. A total score of <14 is indicative of mild anxiety, 18–24 is considered as mild to moderate, and 25–30 shows moderate to severe anxiety.

RESULTS

In this cross-sectional study, 87 participants have been enrolled, including 47 patients in TN group and 40 healthy persons in control group.

The data were analyzed by SPSS version 18. Moreover, parametric independent t-test and ANOVA test were used for data analysis (P < 0.05 was considered meaningful). The normality of data distribution was assessed by KS test, which was normal.

Participants’ mean age with TN and control groups were 56.89 ± 10.93 and 37.12 ±9.55, respectively. Furthermore, the mean value of participants’ age was significantly different between the two evaluated groups (P < 0.0001).

The anxiety level of participants of both evaluated groups is presented in Table 1 . The anxiety of patients with TN was significantly higher than healthy control (P < 0.0001).

Table 1:

The anxiety level of both TN and control groups.

The mean level of anxiety in patients with TN and also in healthy controls did not show a significant difference between men and women (P > 0.05), [ Table 2 ].

Table 2:

The mean value of anxiety in men and women of both participants with TN and control group.

The mean level of anxiety of men and women in TN group was significantly higher than healthy control women (P: 0.001).

The mean levels of anxiety between different age ranges in patients with TN and healthy controls are presented in Table 3 , which were not different in both evaluated groups (P > 0.05).

Table 3:

The mean level of anxiety between different age ranges in both groups.

The patients with TN in different ranges of ages had higher level of anxiety than healthy controls (P < 0.05) [ Table 3 ].

DISCUSSION

In this study, patients with TN had more prominent levels of anxiety than healthy controls. Furthermore, the mean level of anxiety was higher in both men and women with TN than in healthy men and women. In addition, patients with the age range of 31 up to 60 years old had significantly higher levels of anxiety than healthy controls. On the other hand, in each group, the same level of anxiety was reported for men in comparison to women and also for different age ranges.

Some studies regarding the variation of different types of orofacial pain and headaches are discussed below. In a study, Kambalimath et al. reported a positive correlation between myofascial pain dysfunction syndrome (MPDS) and anxiety through higher level of serum cortisol in patients with MPDS than healthy controls.[ 20 ] Another evaluation supported the association between temporomandibular dysfunction pain and psychological disorders.[ 23 ] In addition, another study confirmed this relation.[ 3 ] Goyal et al. suggested that the temporomandibular disorder (TMD) group showed a significantly higher cortisol response to experimental stress than the control group. Closer examination of the data revealed that the TMD group was heterogeneous and was composed of a group with hypersecretion of cortisol in response to stress (Hi-SC TMD group) and a group whose cortisol response was not significantly different from the control group (Lo-SC TMD group). The Lo-SC TMD group showed significant negative relationships between cortisol response and self-reported symptoms of both anxiety and depression, plus significantly more use of the Praying or Hoping coping strategy on the Coping Strategies Questionnaire.[ 15 ]

In a study, the association between migraine and psychiatric disorders has been reported in both clinical and epidemiological aspects. Hence, the prevalence of psychiatric disorders has been found to be increased among individuals with migraine. Furthermore, the severity of anxiety disorder symptoms was significantly higher in patients with migraine compared to patients without migraine. This study suggests that there is an increased prevalence of migraine headaches among anxiety disorder patients in comparison with the general population.[ 35 ]

Higher level of anxiety has been reported in patients with more severe pain due to TMDs.[ 4 , 22 , 30 , 34 ] In contrast, some studies did not find a significant association between temporomandibular disease and anxiety.[ 26 , 27 , 33 ] The higher level of anxiety or more common prevalence of anxiety disorders in patients with migraine and tension-type headache and also combined migraine and tension-type headache have been reported in previous assessments. In accordance with these studies, the patients with TN also had higher level of anxiety. All these chronic orofacial pain and headaches can aggravate anxiety disorders.[ 28 ] Furthermore, some studies observed more stress and anxiety disorders in TN patients in comparison with healthy ones.[ 5 , 11 - 13 , 24 , 35 , 37 ]

Differences in the prevalence of anxiety disorders in women and men are controversial.[ 1 , 29 ] In accordance with this, our findings did not show a significant sex difference in anxiety level in TN patients, similarly.

Anxiety can affect pain perception; therefore, anxiety disorders cause more pain attention in affected patients. These focuses on pain can aggravate pain intensity.[ 9 , 16 , 25 ]

An emotional physical or psychological response to environmental stimulators is described as anxiety. If this normal reaction becomes chronic, anxiety disorders will arise. Furthermore, anxiety disorders impair daily function and quality of life.[ 21 ]

TN is a disabling painful disorder, which can affect the quality of life greatly. The frequency of painful attacks in addition to its severity is directly related to lower quality of life. The frequency and chronicity of headaches and TN attacks can affect the severity of sleep disturbance.[ 3 , 32 ]

Anxiety can affect pain perception; therefore, anxiety disorders cause more pain attention in affected patients. These focuses on pain can aggravate pain intensity.[ 18 ]

Some studies reported that treatment of TN patients could alleviate pain and anxiety disorders caused by TN.[ 7 , 18 , 41 ]

The environmental situations for sleep, anxiety, and psychological disorders in addition to their prescribed medication can affect the prevalence of sleep disorders. Excluding these confounding factors can homogenize the evaluated population. The socioeconomic and cultural evaluation may be important and can affect sleep quality.[ 3 , 9 , 39 ]

Cross-sectional studies cannot assess the sleep disturbance precisely. Furthermore, long-term evaluations with follow-ups are also helpful. In addition, differences in culture and socioeconomic variables may affect anxiety level and even pain perception. Furthermore, considering a heterogeneous population can eliminate the confounding factors. Furthermore, larger sample size, using other various sleep disorders indexes and more previous anxiety evaluations are suggested for the next studies.

CONCLUSION

Patients with TN had significantly higher level of anxiety than healthy participants.

Declaration of patient consent

The authors certify that they have obtained all appropriate patient consent.

Financial support and sponsorship

Publication of this article was made possible by the James I. and Carolyn R. Ausman Educational Foundation.

Conflicts of interest

There are no conflicts of interest.

Disclaimer

The views and opinions expressed in this article are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the official policy or position of the Journal or its management. The information contained in this article should not be considered to be medical advice; patients should consult their own physicians for advice as to their specific medical needs.

Acknowledgments

The authors thank the Vice-Chancellor of Shiraz University of Medical Sciences for supporting this research (Grant#20958).

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